忠憤與抗衡－元代總集中的宋遺民情感

Loyalty and Resistance: The Loyalty to Song Dynasty Shown in the Anthologies published in the Mongol Yuan Era

凌頌榮(Ling, Chung Wing)

總集 ； 遺民 ； 宋詩 ； 元詩史 ； 文化抗衡 ； Anthologies ； loyalist ； Song poetry ； poetic history of Yuan ； cultural resistance

東海中文學報

39期（2020 / 06 / 01）

151 - 192

繁體中文

宋亡元立，但宋詩壇未有消失，反而藉由「遺民」的身分，成為元詩史中的重要一闕。這些宋遺民以詩歌為日常活動，努力保留記憶之餘，亦以之抒情解憂，進而勵己明志。而在直接表達自我的創作之外，他們編纂的詩歌總集亦不容忽視。本文以為，作為文人情感的載體，這批總集藉由獨特的體例特點和編纂思維，展現了遺民與新時代角力的方式，還有不同的詩學價值觀，值得多加探討。本文將從金人元好問編《中州集》的情況入手，指出其對宋人的啟發，以理解宋人在入元後對編纂總集的原理；次則從不同總集入手，探討宋遺民在明言敵對和消極抗衡之間的取捨。前者以《忠義集》為代表，編者堅持視對元室為敵的態度，又拒絕承認時代變遷，以為宋元之間的爭戰尚未結束；後者以《月泉吟社詩》等作為代表，儘管同樣不與元室妥協，卻明白現實已為定局，僅能以「文化抗衡」的手法，隱晦地勸阻有意投入新朝的同胞，維護宋人的團結與志向。另外，杜本以新生代的身分追尋遺民的事跡，編成了《谷音》一書。儘管其原意不在弘揚宋人之志，卻成功藉其總集保存故宋的記憶，滿足了宋遺民的願意，亦是本文需要附帶一論的現象。

Due to the founding of Mongol Yuan, the Song dynasty had fallen. However, the Song poets still kept writing poems and claimed themselves as the loyalists to Song, the previous dynasty. It was surely an important part of the poetic history of Yuan. The Song loyalists tried their best to keep the memories about the replaced dynasty and expressed their own feelings towards the tragic history. In order to study the phenomenon, scholars usually focus on the poetries written by the loyalists. However, it is noticed that the anthologies published by these loyalists were also worthy of investigation. With their unique formats and features, these anthologies contained special poetic ideas and showed how the loyalists faced the new era. This essay contains four parts. First, it introduces the anthology titled Zhongzhou Ji [中州集] and points out how this book affected the Song intellectuals. The following two parts focus on two kinds of anthologies which represent different attitudes of the adherents of the Song dynasty towards the new ruler. For the first kind, Zhongyi Ji [忠義集], was a typical example. Its publisher insisted on the hostility towards the Mongolian and refused to accept reality. The publishers of the other kind also refused to cooperate with the court, but they clearly understood the real situation. Thus, they could only maintain the unity of the loyalists by passively advising their fellows not to surrender to the Mongolian. Among them, Yuequan Yinshe Shi [月泉吟社詩] was the best example. As a supplement, the final part of this essay talks about the anthologies titled Guyin [谷音]. The publication of this book showed how the younger generation in Yuan searched for the stories of loyalists and resulted in becoming a memory keepers of the Song dynasty. It is interesting to note that although it might not be the original purpose, the achievements of these younger generations fulfilled the wish of the older generation of Song loyalists.

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