英國浪漫時期科學觀的天空書論－同Cozens天空構圖到Ruskin雲的透視

Scientific Aspect of Art Treatises on Skies during the British Romantic Era: from Cozens's Composition of Sky to Ruskin's Cloud Perspective

10.30095/SYJH.200806.0006

李淑卿(Shwu-Ching Lee)

天空畫論 ； 寇任斯 ； 寇克斯 ； 羅斯金 ； art treatises on skies ； Alexander Cozens ； David Cox ； John Ruskin

中山人文學報

25期（2008 / 06 / 01）

111 - 150

繁體中文

英國浪漫時期因時代背景、思潮與種種藝術環境的刺激，促使天空題材的重要性在西洋風景畫史上達到顛峰期，當時很多畫家與藝評家視「天空」爲一幅畫的重心。而最能直接反應此時期畫家重視天空角色的事實，除了當時天空習作的大量出現，即是天空畫論的突增。本文主旨在耙梳此時期有關天空的論述，再經逐一分析且比較，探究出這些論述最明顯的特色是以科學觀點貫穿其間，且涵蓋三項共通的論點：主張天空是一幅風景畫的重心；強調天空變幻萬千，需客觀仔細觀察：提出客觀描繪天空的方法、建議，或甚至範例圖。而其中以寇任斯(A. Cozens)、寇克斯(D. Cox)及羅斯金(J. Ruskin)三畫家圖文並重的論述最具代表性，幾乎各自代表此時期天空畫論在各階段的特色。由初期著重天空構圖，中期強調雲的型態、色彩與光線，到晚期提出雲的透視，正顯示出英國浪漫時期天空畫論由簡單趨複雜而艱澀的發展。此外，亦探討出這些畫論大都具有激發、倡導，或是幫助學習者和書家實際創作天空的功能。

The role of the sky in British landscape painting works up to a climax during the Romantic era, and the most direct evidence of the phenomenon is the abrupt increase of both sky studies and art treatises on skies. The aim of this essay is to dig out these sky treatises and analyze them. After studying these treatises, we can find chat almost every treatise is based on the scientific point of view, and shares three major points to the others: emphasising the key role of the sky in a landscape painting; accentuating the necessity of the keen observation to the ever-changing skies; pointing out the methods, suggestions, or even illustrations of how to depict skies. The treatises with instructive illustrations on skies written separately by Alexander Cozens, David Cox, and John Ruskin, are the most important, each of winch would just represent the different stages of the Romantic era, emphasizing from sky-composition, to types, colours, and light of cloud, then cloud-perspective. Obviously, it reveals that the development of sky treatises during Romantic era is from simple to complicate, then difficult. Moreover, we find that most sky treatises of this period had certain effects on the learners and artists of the time.

1. 李淑卿(2004)。光輝多彩的天國－嵌書中的天空(A.D. 313-730)。台北藝術大學《藝術評論》，15，151-189。
   連結：
2. 李淑卿(2006)。藝術與科學的融合－英國浪漫時期的天空習作。中山人文學報，22，31-76。
   連結：
3. Badt, Kurt.,Stanley Godman (Translated)(1950).John Constable`s Clouds.London:Routledge.
4. Bermingham, Ann.(1987).Reading Constable.Art History,10(1),38-58.
5. Brown, Christopher.(1986).Dutch Landscape: The Early Years Haarlem and Amsterdam 1590-1650.London:The National Gallery.
6. Brown, David Blayney.(1991).Oil Sketches from Nature: Turner and his Contemporaries.London:Tate Gallery.
7. Burnet, John.(1849).Landscape Painting in Oil Colours.London:David Bogue, Fleet St.
8. Bury, Adrian.(1946).John Varley of the "Old Society".Leigh-on-Sea:F. Lewis Limited.
9. Cook, E. T.,Wedderhurn, A. (eds.)(1903).The Work of John Ruskin.London:George Allen.
10. Cox, David.(1922).A Treatise on Landscape Painting Watercolours by David Cox.London:The Studio, Ltd.
11. Cox, Trenchard(1947).David Cox.London:Phoenix House Limited.
12. Cozens, Alexander.,St. Martin`s Lane.A New Method of A Assisting the Invention in Drawing Original Compositions of Landscape.London:J. Dixwell, undated.
13. Damisch, Hubert.,Janet Lloyd (translated)(2002).Théorie du Nuage: pour une histoire de la peinture.Stanford, California:Stanford UP.
14. Dougall, J. (Ed.)(1817).The Cabinet of the Arts.London:T. Kinnersley, Acton place, Kingsland Rd.
15. Esmeijer, Ank C.(1977).Cloudscapes in Theory and Practice.Simiolus,9(3),123-148.
16. Fleming-Williams, I.(1990).Constable and His Drawings.London:Philip Wilson.
17. Forster, Thomas.(1815).Researches about Atmospheric Phenomena.London:Baldwin, Cradock, and Joy.
18. Gage, John.(1969).Norwich: Castle Museum.London:Victoria and Albert Museum.
19. Gedzelman, Stanley David.(1989).Cloud Classification before Luke Howard.Bulletin American Meteorological Society,70(4),381-394.
20. Geoffrey Holme (edited)(1813).A Treatise on Landscape Painting Watercolours by David Cox.London:Temple of Fancy, Rathbone Place.
21. Gilpin, Sawrey..Duke Humphrey`s Libraty in Bodleian Library.Oxford University.
22. Gilpin, William.(1794).Three Essays: on Picturesque Beauty; on Picturesque Travel; and on Sketching Landscape.London:printed for R. Blamire.
23. Gombrich, E. H.(1988).Art and Illusion: A Study in the Psychology of Pictorial Representation.Oxford:Phaidon Press Limited.
24. Harding, J. D.(1845).The Principles and Practice of Art.London:Champan and Hall.
25. Harrison, C.,Wood, P.,Gaiger, J. (eds.)(1998).Art in Theory 1815-1900: An Anthology of Changing Ideas.Malden, Oxford, Victoria & Berlin:Blackwell Publishing Ltd..
26. Hawes, Louis.(1969).Constable`s Sky Sketches.Journal of Warburg & Courtauld Institutes,32,344-365.
27. Howard, Luke.(1803).On the Modifications of Clouds, and on the Principles of their Production, Suspension, and Destruction.Philosophical Magazine,16,97-107.
28. Howard, Luke.(1803).On the Modifications of Clouds, and on the Principles of their Production, Suspension, and Destruction.Philosophical Magazine,17,5-11.
29. Howard, Luke.(1820).The Climate of London.London:W. Phillips, George Yard, Lombard Street.
30. Kauffmann, C. M.(1984).John Varley, 1778-1842.London:B. T. Batsford Ltd.
31. Klonk, Charlotte.(1996).Science and the Perception of Nature: British Landscape Art in the Late Eighteenth and Early Nineteenth Centuries.New Haven:Yale UP.
32. Knight, Richard Payne.(1808).An Analytical Inquiry into the Principles of Taste.London:Luke Hansard & Sons.
33. Lairesse, Gerard de.,John Frederick Fritsch (translated)(1738).The Art of Painting.London:
34. Leslie, C. R.(1980).Memoirs of the Life of John Constable.London:Phaidon Press Limited.
35. Lister, Raymond.(1984).Samuel Palmer and 'The Ancients'.Cambridge:Cambridge UP.
36. Lyles, Anne.,Edward Morris (Ed.)(2000).Constable`s Clouds: Paintings and Cloud Studies by John Constable.Edinburgh:National Galleries of Scotland, National Museums and Galleries on Merseyside.
37. Nicholson, Francis.(1823).Drawing & Painting Landscape from Nature.London:Murray, Albemarle St.
38. Oppé, A. P.(1952).Alexander & John Robert Cozens.London:Adam and Charles Black.
39. Oram, William.(1810).Precepts and Observation on the Art of Colouring in Landscape Pointing.London:Richard Tayor and Co. Shoe Lane.
40. Parris, Leslie.,Fleming-Williams I.,Shields C. (eds.)(1976).Constable: Paintings, Watercolours and Drawings.London:Tate Gallery.
41. Parris, Leslie.,Fleming-Williams, I.,Shields, C. (eds.)(1975).John Constable, Further Documents and Correspondence.London:Suffolk Records Society and Tate Gallery.
42. Penny, Nicholas.(1997).Ruskin`s Drawings.Oxford:Ashmolean Museum.
43. Pidgley, Michael.(1972).Cornelius Varley, Cotman, and the Graphic Telescope.Burlington Magazine,114(836),781-786.
44. Piles, Roger de.,a painter (translation)(1743).Principles of Painting.London:Golden Ball.
45. Reiman, Donald H.,Powers, Sharon B. (eds.)(1977).Shelley`s Poetry and Prose.New York:W. W. Norton & Company.
46. Reynolds, Graham.(1984).The Later Paintings and Drawings of John Constable.New Haven:Yale UP.
47. Robinson, M.(1974).Van de Velde Drawings.Cambridge:Cambridge UP.
48. Ruskin, John.(1900).Modern Painters.London:George Allen.
49. Sloan, Kin.(1986).Alexander and John Robert Cozens: The Poetry of Landscape.New Haven:Yale UP.
50. Story, Alfred.(1892).The life of John Linnell.London:Richard Bentley and Son.
51. Taylor, Charles.(1815).Familiar Treatise on Drawing: for Youth.London:G. Brimmer, Water Lane, Fleet St..
52. Taylor, Charles.(1793).The Landscape Magazine.London:
53. Taylor, Charles.(1808).Artists` Repository & Encyclopedia of the Fine Arts.London:
54. Thornes, John E.(1984).Luke Howard`s Influence on Art and Literature in the Early Nineteenth Century.Weather,39,252-255.
55. Thornes, John E.(1999).John Constable`s Skies: A Fusion of Art and Science.Birmingham:The University of Birmingham Press.
56. Varley, Cornelius.(1809).Meteorological Observations on a Thunder Storm: with some Remarks on Medical Electricity.Philosophical Magazine,34,161-163.
57. Varley, Cornelius.(1807).On Atomospheric Phaenomena: Particularly the Formation of Clouds; Permanence; their Percipitation in Rain, Snow, and Hail; and the Consequent Rise of their Barometer.Philosophical Magazine,27,115-121.
58. Varley, John..A Treatise on the Principles of Landscape Design.London:Printed for Sherwood, Gilbert, and Piper, undated.
59. Vinci, Leonardo da.(1956).Treatise on Painting.Princeton, New Jersey:Princeton University Press.
60. Vinci, Leonardo da.,Carlo Pedretti.(1965).Leonardo Da Vinci on Painting: A Lost Book (LIBRO A).London:Peter Owen Limited.
61. Vinci, Leonardo da.,Senex,W. Taylor. English (translation.)(1721).Treatise on Painting.
62. Whitley, William.(1928).Art in England 1800-1820.London:Cambridge UP.
63. Whitley, William.(1930).Art in England 1821-1837.London:Cambridge UP.
64. Wilton, Andrew.(1980).Alexander and John Robert Cozens.New Haven:Yale University Press.
65. 李淑卿(1999)。John Constable天空風格之發展－兼論其創作Hampstead天空習作之因。國立中正大學學報，10(1)，109-158。
66. 李淑卿(2006)。風雨交加－David Cox的天空。中央大學《人文學報》，30，139-207。
67. 劉昭民(1981)。西洋氣象學史。臺北:中國文化大學出版部。