風雅．詩教．政治抒情：論汪政權、龍榆生與《同聲月刊》

Airs and Grace, Poetical Pedagogy, and Political Lyricism: On Wang Jingwei Regime, Long Yusheng, and Tongsheng Monthly

高嘉謙(Chia-Cian Ko)

汪精衛 ； 龍榆生 ； 《同聲月刊》 ； 汪政權 ； 漢奸文學 ； Wang Jingwei ； Long Yusheng ； Tongsheng Monthly ； Wang Jingwei regime ； collaborationist literature

中山人文學報

38期（2015 / 01 / 01）

61 - 88

繁體中文

在一九三八年年底以汪精衛為主的一批國民黨高官，從重慶出走到越南河內，公開主張「和平運動救國」路線，呼應日本近衛內閣提出的「亞洲新秩序」聲明。一個受到日本政府支持，以汪精衛為首的國民政府，吸納了臨時政府和維新政府的原有政權，於一九四○年三月三十日於南京正式成立。在汪精衛政權運作的四年餘，南京和上海兩地並沒有因此停頓其文藝和文化生產。於是，從文化場域的觀察，一個在汪政權運作下的文人羣體的組成生態，文學雜誌創刊的目標和文學實踐方式，都成為我們觀察戰爭時期淪陷區文學的重要現象。儘管日後文史論述上大都以「漢奸文學」、「鞏固日本殖民統治」等脈絡批判，但不能否認一個曖昧和頗具爭議的文學和文化空間的誕生，卻呈現出戰爭時期的文學生產和文人生態的複雜。其中，又以汪精衛及其文人幕僚長期浸淫於古典詩學，跟傳統文人互動頻密，雅集唱酬不斷，創辦發行古典詩詞刊物，形成戰爭時期一個古典詩詞蓬勃發展的氛圍。而龍榆生主編的《同聲月刊》是汪政權時期最重要的韻文研究刊物，古典詩學的復興作為汪政權重要的文藝實踐和抒情想像的另一面，對汪政權推動「和平文藝」有著值得觀察的意義。本文以龍榆生與《同聲月刊》，及其在汪政權的出版脈絡和意義為核心，追問以下一組問題：相對抗戰陣線，這些傳統文人羣體參與汪精衛政府底下文藝建制發行的刊物，我們該如何理解他們的文學生產與文化心態？在文學與政治之間，這些文人的思考和抉擇，以及他們的傳統文學實踐，產生哪些不同意義？這本刊物在傳統詩詞界又發揮著甚麼樣的功能和角色？對於汪政權而言，「和平文藝」和傳統文學空間的經營，是否在同一基調上構成一個迴避抗日的最佳場域？政治人物甚至透過詩學的古典抒情意圖替自己的政治行為辯護？本文透過以上種種問題和思考，進一步深究分析，以及展開討論。

Initiated by Wang Jingwei, a Chinese politician who led the Nanjing regime supported by the Japanese invaders in 1940, a group of literati gathered to compose classical poetry and publish poetical magazines. Their literary works, also known as collaborationist literature, structured a controversial discourse of the time. Tongsheng Monthly, edited by the major ci poet Long Yusheng, was considered one of the representative collaborationist publications. By exploring the performance of the monthly, we would come to see why the literati wrote in their own political interests while practicing lyricism in the Japan-occupied zones. This paper attempts to investigate the political and literary significance of Tongsheng Monthly, its editor Long Yusheng, and its contributors. Promoting ＂literature and arts of peace,＂ the magazine contributed, on the one hand, to the revival of classical poetics, and on the other hand constituted a controversial discourse, where literati composed rhetorical expressions in ci poetry for excusing their collaborationist deeds. Studying their literary practices helps not only explore the poets' political concerns, but also reconsider the context and value of collaborationist literature.

1. 汪精衛（兆銘）。〈不寐偶成〉。《同聲月刊》2.3(March 1942): 108。Wang Jingwei [Zhaoming]. “Bumei oucheng” [Writing in a sleepless night].Tongsheng yuekan [Resonance monthly] 2.3(March 1942): 108
2. 汪精衛。〈金縷曲〉。《國藝》2.5-6( Dec. 1940): 41-44。Wang Jingwei. “Jinlu qu” [Gold-threaded gown song]. Guoyi [National arts] 2.5-6(Dec. 1940): 41-44
3. 龍榆生〔沐勛〕。〈怎樣促成全面和平的實現〉。《新東方雜誌》1.6(1940): 51-54。Long Yusheng [Muxun]. “Zenyang cucheng quanmian heping de shixian” [How to help actualize a complete peace]. Xin dongfang zazhi [New Eastern miscellany] 1.6(1940): 51-54
4. 〈大東亞文學者大會十二日在京揭幕〉。《中華日報》9 Nov. 1944。“Da Dong Ya Wenxue Dahu shier ri zai Jing jiemu” [The opening of the Greater East Asian Writers' Conference on the Twelfth in Nanjing]. Zhonghua ribao [China daily news] 9 Nov. 1944
5. 龍榆生。〈梅花山謁汪先生墓文〉，《同聲月刊》4.3(July 1945): 68。Long Yusheng. “Meihua shan ye Wang Xiansheng mu wen” [An epitaph to Mr. Wang Jingwei at his tomb at Plum Blossom Mount]. Tongsheng yuekan [Resonance monthly] 4.3(July 1945): 68
6. 龍榆生。〈編輯凡例〉。《同聲月刊》1.1(Dec. 1940): 4-6。Long Yusheng. “Bianji fanli” [Author guidelines]. Tongsheng yuekan [Resonance monthly] 1.1(Dec. 1940e): 4-6
7. 〈卷頭語〉。《國藝》2.1(July 1940): 1。“Juantou yu” [Introductory statements]. Guoyi [National arts] 2.1(July 1940): 1.
8. 李宣倜〔太疎〕。〈招客展重陽明日立冬〉。《國藝》3.5-6(Jan. 1942): 45。Li Xuanti [Taishu]. “Zhaoke zhanzhongyang mingri Lidong” [Inviting guests to gather on the extended Double Ninth and celebrate winter beginning tomorrow]. Guoyi[National arts] 3.5-6(Jan. 1942): 45
9. 汪精衛。〈雙照樓詩詞未刊稿〉。《同聲月刊》4.3(July 1945): 1-13。Wang Jingwei. “Shuangzhao Lou shici weikangao” [Unpublished poems and lyrics of Sun-Moonlit Villa]. Tongsheng yuekan [Resonance monthly] 4.3(July 1945): 1-13
10. 龍榆生。〈創制新體樂歌之途徑〉。《真知學報》1.1(March 1942): 7-17。Long Yusheng. “Chuangzhi xinti yuege zhi tujing” [Ways to compose new form of lyrics and songs]. Zhenzhi xuebao [True learning journal] 1.1(March 1942): 7-17
11. 龍榆生。〈詩教復興論〉。《同聲月刊》1.1(Dec. 1940): 9-41。Long Yusheng. “Shijiao fuxing lun” [On reviving the education of poetry]. Tongsheng yuekan [Resonance monthly] 1.1(Dec. 1940): 9-41
12. 〈國藝月刊第一次徵文〉。《國藝》1 ( Jan. 1940): 目錄頁。“Guoyi yuekan diyici zhenggao” [The first call for submission to National Arts Monthly]. Guoyi [National arts] 1(Jan. 1940): Table of Contents
13. 汪精衛。〈雙照樓遺札〉。《同聲月刊》4.3(July 1945): 43-46。Wang Jingwei. “Shuangzhaolou yizha” [Uncollected letters from Sun-Moonlit Villa].Tongsheng yuekan [Resonance monthly] 4.3(July 1945): 43-46
14. 龍榆生。〈今日學詞應取之途徑〉。《詞學季刊》2.2(Jan. 1935): 1-6。Long Yusheng. “Jinri xueci yingqu zhi tujing” [Proper approaches to learning ci poetry today]. Cixue jikan [Chinese ci poetry quarterly] 2.2(Jan. 1935): 1-6
15. 龍榆生。〈同聲月刊緣起〉。《同聲月刊》1.1(Dec. 1940): 1-4。Long Yusheng. “Tongsheng yuekan yuanqi” [The origin of Resonance Monthly]. Tongsheng yuekan [Resonance monthly] 1.1(Dec. 1940): 1-4
16. 龍榆生。〈事業與職業〉。《新動向》91(1943): 4-6。Long Yusheng. “Shiye yu zhiye” [Career and occupation]. Xin dongxiang [New tendency] 91(1943): 4-6
17. 龍榆生。〈荒雞警夢室隨筆〉。《求是月刊》1(March 1944): 40。Long Yusheng. “Huangji jingmeng shi suibi [A sketch from Night-crowing Rooster Awakening-dream Studio]. Qiushi yuekan [Seek-truth monthly] 1 (March 1944): 40
18. 梁鴻志。〈己卯上巳西園禊集詩序〉。《國藝》1(Jan. 1940): 2。Liang Hongzhi. “Jimao shangsi Xiyuan xiji shixu” [Poem on the March Third 1939 West Garden purification ceremony, with preface]. Guoyi [National arts] 1(Jan. 1940): 2
19. 龍榆生。〈讀陳公博先生《我的詩》〉。《古今》29(1943): 18-23、27。Long Yusheng. “Du Chen Gongbo xiansheng 'wo de shi' [Reading Chen Gongbo's “My Poems”]. Gujin [Ancient and modern] 29(1943): 18-23; 27
20. 龍榆生〔沐勛〕。〈由紀念孔子想到我們從事和平運動者的責任〉。《中央導報》週刊1.6 (Sept.1940): 4-5。Long Yusheng [Muxun]. “You jinian Kongzi xiangdao women congshi heping yundongzhe de zeren” [Reflecting upon our responsibility as a pacifist when commemorating Confucius]. Zhongyang daobao [Central herald weekly] 1.6(Sept.1940): 4-5
21. 〈大東亞文學者大會的人選問題〉。《太平洋周報》1.77(Aug. 1943): 1653。“Da Dong Ya Wenxue Dahui de renxuan wenti”[Concerning the delegates to the Greater East Asian Writers' Conference]. Taipingyang zhoubao [Pacific weekly] 1.77(1943): 1653
22. 李宣倜〔釋戡〕。〈次榆生見贈韻卻寄〉。《同聲月刊》2.2(Feb. 1942): 142。Li Xuanti [Shikan]. “Ci Yusheng jianzengyun queji” [Poem replying to Yusheng in his rhyme scheme]. Tongsheng yuekan [Resonance monthly] 2.2(Feb. 1942c): 142
23. 龍榆生。〈發刊詞〉。《求是月刊》1(March 1944): 1。Long Yusheng. “Fakan ci” [A note on the magazine]. Qiushi yuekan [Seek-truth monthly] 1 (March 1944): 1
24. 李宣倜。〈今詞林．弁言〉。《同聲月刊》1.1(Dec. 1940): 111-12。Li Xuanti. “Jin cilin: Bianyan” [Foreword to “Today's Ci Scene” column]. Tongsheng yuekan [Resonance monthly] 1.1(Dec. 1940): 111-12
25. 張爾田。〈有感一章寄詶榆生〉。《同聲月刊》2.3(March 1942): 108。Zhang Ertian. “Yougan yizhang jichou Yusheng” [A poem expressing my feelings, in response to Yusheng]. Tongsheng yuekan [Resonance monthly] 2.3(March 1942): 108
26. 龍榆生（沐勛）。〈覆李耕青書〉。《古今》34(Nov. 1943): 31-32。Long Yusheng [Muxun]. “Fu Li Gengqing shu” [Replying Li Gengqing's letter]. Gujin [Ancient and modern] 34(Nov. 1943): 31-32
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