重探勞動價值對開創教育的啟示：兩位前鎮草衙勞動者的故事

Re-Exploration of Labor Value to Entrepreneuring Education: the Story of Two Laborers from Qianzhen, and New-Caoya Districts

洪世謙(HUNG Shih Chian)；李至昱(LEE Chihyu)；蔡敦浩(TSAI Dunhou)

前鎮草衙區 ； 勞動價值 ； 開創 ； 一般智能 ； 生成機器 ； Qianzhen, and New-Caoya Districts ； labor value ； entrepreneuring ； gerenal intellect ； becoming machine

中山人文學報

50期（2021 / 01 / 01）

115 - 137

繁體中文

本文將藉由馬克思與德勒茲的視角，重新詮釋前鎮草衙的田野對象，我們欲指出他們並非僅是機械性重複工作的勞動者，而是能在重複的工作中，持續創造與生成差異，成為特異點的生成機器。這樣的機器不再僅是重複地技術操作，而是能在實作中，不斷突破既有界線、形構自身主體性，並透過勞動改變亦重構自身的生存處境，也因此勞動不僅涉及勞力，更是智力活動，以及一種生存活動。以「前草」地區的拆船工B及抽油工A為例，說明他們如何透過勞動看到自己與他者之間的社會關係，並從這樣的關係中探尋自我認同。主角B與A並不僅是拆船工或家庭主婦，而是成為能持續創造的拆船神手與創業者。面對前鎮不良的生存條件和環境，透過勞動不僅滿足了溫飽，還包括改善自身生存狀態所作的一切嘗試與實踐；既看到了主體性，也看到了生命的動能。而這一連串地流變，便看見了他們在前鎮從「移居」、過渡、落腳，到起家、「宜居」的過程。將這樣的勞動價值與精神，放到開創教育下，本文希望提出當前的教育應該是培養像B和A這樣般具有積極、開創連接的機器學習者，而非被動、等待接受指令的機械學習者。

This article uses the perspectives of Deleuze, and Marx to examine the labors' narrative from local villages, Qianzhen and New-Caoya, in Kaohsiung. We want to point out that they are not just workers who do their work, but a machine can continue to create and generate differences in routine and become a singularity. Such machine is no longer merely repetitive technical operations but can continuously break through existing boundaries and shape their own subjectivity in practice, and also change and reconstruct their own living conditions through labour. It's a survival activity involves not only physical labor, but also intellectual activity. Two workers from Qianzhen and New-Caoya, Chen, a shipbreaker in the New-Caoya area, and Jian, an oil pumper, used the example to explain how they can see the social relationship between themselves and the other through labour, and explore self-identity from this context. We point out that Chen and Jian are not just a coolie or housewife, however, facing the poor living conditions and environment they become shipbreaking expertise and entrepreneur. In this process, we see not only subjectivity, but also the energy of life. In this series of changes, we see how they moved, transitioned, and settled in Qianzhen district. Following such labor value within entrepreneuring education, we initial that the higher education should be to train mechanically learner with positive and pioneering connections like Chen and Jian, rather than mechanistically learner with passive, and waiting to receive instructions.

1. Arendt, Hannah(1958).The Human Condition.Chicago:The University of Chicago Press.
2. Barry, Daved,Ketchen, David J., Jr,Rindova, Violina(2009).Entrepreneuring as Emancipation.Academy of Management Review,34(3),477-491.
3. Casson, Mark(2005).Entrepreneurship and the Theory of the Firm.Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization,58(2),327-348.
4. Colebrook, Claire(2001).Gilles Deleuze.London:Routledge.
5. Deleuze, Gilles,Guattari, Félix,Massumi, Brian(Trans.)(1987).A Thousand Plateaus: Capitalism and Schizophrenia.Minneapolis:University of Minnesota Press.
6. Dew, Nicholas,Saras Sarasvathy, S.,Velamuri, Ramakrishna,Venkataraman, Sankaran(2005).Three Views of Entrepreneurial Opportunity.Handbook of Entrepreneurship Research,1(3),141-160.
7. Engels、 Friedrich,Marx, Karl(1979).馬克思恩格斯全集.北京:人民出版社.
8. Freire、 Paulo,方永泉（譯）,張珍瑋（譯）(2019).受壓迫者教育學.臺北:巨流文化.
9. Hansen, Hans(2006).The Ethnonarrative Approach.Human Relations,59(8),1049-1075.
10. Hardt, Michael,Negri, Antonio(2017).Assembly.Oxford:Oxford University Press.
11. Heidegger, Martin,Stambaugh, Joan(Trans.)(2010).Being and Time.Albany:State University of New York Press.
12. Hjorth, Daniel(ed.),Steyaert, Chris(ed.)(2003).New Movement in Entrepreneurship.Cheltenham:Edward Elgar Publishing.
13. Johansson, Anders W.(2004).Narrating the Entrepreneur.International Small Business Journal,22(3),273-293.
14. Lazzarato, Maurizio(1996).Immaterial Labor.Radical Thought in Italy a Potential Politics. Minneapolis,Minnesota:
15. Lazzarato, Maurizio(1991).Travail immatériel et subjectivité.Futur Antérieur,6,86-89.
16. Lévesque, Moren,Minnitia, Maria(2008).Recent Developments in the Economics of Entrepreneurship.Journal of Business Venturing,23(6),603-612.
17. Parr, Adrian(ed.)(2010).The Deleuze Dictionary.Edinburgh:Edinburgh University Press.
18. Polkinghorne, Donald E.(1988).Narrative Knowing and the Human Sciences.New York:State University of New York Press.
19. Sartre, Jean-Paul(1993).Being and Nothingness: A Phenomenological Essay on Ontology.New York:Washington Square Press.
20. Steyaert, Chris(2007).Entrepreneuring’ as a Conceptual Attractor? A Review of Process Theories in 20 Years of Entrepreneurship Studies.Entrepreneurship &Regional Development,19(6),453-477.