1909-1919年“教育雜志”體育文章分析的初步

A Preliminary Analysis of Physical Education-Related Articles in the Chinese Educational Review,1909-1919

10.6222/pej.0021.199606.2105

毛岸俊(Andrew Morris)

教育雜志 ； 體育史 ； 第一手資料 ； 運動會 ； 西方式與混合式 ； 教學方法 ； The Chinese educational review ； Physical education history ； Primary sources ； Athletic meets("Western style"and"mixed style") ； Pedagogical methods

體育學報

21期（1996 / 06 / 01）

47 - 58

繁體中文

研究中國近代史學者都可以肯定，1909年創立於上海的「敎育雜誌」是研究清末民初中國敎育思想的寶貴第一手史料。本研究報告的目的是，為了清楚的了解這時期（就是五四運動之前）中國體育敎師不同的敎學方法、目的及影響，而分析1909-1919「敎育雜誌」所刊登有關於體育的文章。（關係1919年五四運動所帶來的西方思想與觀念的歷史研究已經較完整，因此，本報告結束於1919年。）本報告分析的是「敎育雜誌」裡的運動會事記、敎學方法等兩種體育文章。 分析“西方式”運動會（就是項目完全屬於西方田徑、球類的運動會），“混合性”運動會（就是田徑球類、體操、游戲、兵操及國技合在一起的運動會），可得知，不論運動會種類都存有包含著濃厚愛國精神；所有運動員以其性別、年齡、敎育程度及職業，去區分所該參與的項目，另外男子體育目的在於訓練保衛國家的能力，然而女子體育有別於男子體育只注重於如何培育幫助下一代的體能。 體育敎師介紹的新體育項目及其敎法，有一半來自海外體育，另一半中國敎師發明的爱國性游戲與體操法。這兩種貢獻都被看成是具有同等價值，有利於提倡一個現代、科學化的中國體育。

The Chinese Educational Review, a monthly journal which began publication in Shanqhae in 1909, is one of the best sources on modern educational thought and reform available to historians of late Ching dynasty-era and Republican-era China. One very important aspect of China's modern education was physical education; however, most Chinese educators' ideas on physical education during this period are still not well-under-stood. There fore, the goal of this research is to examine the physical education-relate darticles that appeared in The Chinese Educational Review during the first 11 years of its publication, in order to learn more about the different diredtions, goals, in fluences, and methods of physical educators in the pre-May Fourth era.(As the different philosophies and influences that entered China as a result of 1919's May Fourth movement have beenmore thoroughly researched elsewhere,1919 was chosen as the end point of the presentstudy. ) The author hopes that more attention to primary sources like The Chinese Educational Review will allow physical education history to reach a new level of development. Review articles on physical education can be classified into seven main types: descriptions of athletic meets, descriptions of the teaching of specific games or exercises, articles on physical education theory and socio-political significance, opinion pieces on physical education reform, surveys of the status of physical education in other countries, information on student health and physical examinations, and government orders of physicaleducation. (It is worth noting that the great majority of these articles were written byeducators from the Shanqhae-Jiangnam area.)So as to be able to describe the articles inmore detail, only the first two categories, athletic meets and pedagogical methods, areanalyzed here. ”Western style” meets (those consisting solely of Western style ball sports and or track and field events) and ”mixed ”meets (those consisting of a mixture of ball sport and track and field, group calisthenics, games, military drill, and or martial arts) were analyzed. It was found that:(1)no matter what the content of the meets, they served as important social and patriotic events for citizens,(2)meet organizers applied scientific cmethods of categorizing which types of exercises and games were to be performed byathletes of specific gender, age, educational background, and future profession,(3) where male students were to be trained to apply a competitive, disciplined, cooperative, an dpatriotic spirit to building a strong China, female students were expected to train physically so as to teach and inspire others to work for the nation. Several articles introducing new games and exercises to the Chinese physical educational scene were analyzed as well. Many were imported by Chinese educators from abroad, and an equal number were invented by Chinese educators in order to combine physical training with a patriotic education. It was found that both of these forms were seen as equally important contributions to the development of a scientific and modern Chinese physical education.