太極拳運動對中老年人立定垂直跳表現之影響

The effect of Tai Chi exercise on countermovement jump performances of the middle-aged elderly

10.3966/102472972017035001005

柯柏任(Bo-Jen Ko)；黃長福(Chen-Fu Huang)；許太彥(Tai-Yen Hsu)

騰空高度 ； 髖關節 ； 力矩 ； 功率 ； jump height ； hip joint ； moment ； power

體育學報

50卷1期（2017 / 03 / 01）

57 - 67

繁體中文

緒論：臺灣目前已經邁向高齡化社會，對於中老年人即將邁入老年，其日常生活能力的減低，進而造成跌倒風險增加，許多研究指出太極拳可以增進下肢肌力，並指出立定垂直跳為常用且有效測量下肢肌力的方法，因此本研究目的為比較有長期規律太極拳運動之中老老人與健康中老年人，在立定垂直跳動作時下肢生物力學參數是否有差異。方法：以每組12名，共24位中老年人為研究對象，在一年內皆無下肢段病史，其中太極拳組包含5位男性7位女性（年齡：60.67 ± 2.71 歲、身高：162.25 ± 8.16 公分、體重：64.79 ± 11.09公斤），健康中老人組包含5位男性7位女性（年齡：62.33 ± 1.61歲、身高：157.67 ± 8.55公分、體重：60.75 ± 8.08公斤），使用10台Vicon Motion System 紅外線攝影機(250 Hz)、2塊Kistler測力板（1000 Hz）及Vicon Nexus 軟體同步擷取立定垂直跳時運動學及動力學參數，使用Visua1 3D軟體進行計算，之後進行標準化處理，所得資料使用獨立樣本t被定進行統計分析，做著水準為a = .05。結果：研究分析顯示騰空期時，太極拳組跳躍高度明顯高於健康中老人組：起跳期時，在最大起跳遠率、離地瞬間速率、最大髖關節力矩典最大髖關節功率方面，皆為太極拳組顯著大於健康中老人組。結論：因太極拳組跳躍高度明顯較大，可推論太極拳紐約下肢肌力大於健康中老人組，原因為起跳期髖關節力矩和功率優於健康中老人組，顯示太極拳運動可有效減緩髖關節部位的力矩和功率退化，因此建議中老年人可規劃長期的從事太極拳運動。

Introduction: Taiwan is becoming an aging society. As the middle-aged elderly grow old, they become less capable of performing daily activities, which causes an increase in the risk of tripping. Many studies indicated that Tai Chi exercise can improve lower-extremity muscle strength. Standing vertical jump is a common and effective way of measuring lower-extremity muscle strength. Therefore, the purpose of the study was to investigate biomechanical effects of Tai-Chi exercise on the lower-extremity in middle-aged elders during countermovement jump. Methods: Twelve middle-aged elders with regular Tai Chi exercise experience (5 males and 7 females, age: 60.67 ± 2.71 years old, height: 162.25 ± 8.16 cm, Weight: 64.79 ± 11.09 kg) and twelve healthy middle-aged elders (5 males and 7 females, age: 62.33 ± 1.61 years old, height: 157.67 ± 8.55 cm, weight: 60.75 ± 8.08 kg) participated in this study. Ten Vicon Motion System cameras (250 Hz), two Kistler force plates (1000 Hz) and Vicon Nexus software were used simultaneously to capture the kinematic and dynamic parameters of standing vertical jumps. Visual 3D software was used for calculations. Independent samples t-test was performed for statistical analysis (a = .05). Results: Study analysis showed that jump height in the Tai Chi group was significantly higher than control group. The maximum velocity, peak hip moment, and peak hip power during the take-off phase, as well as the maximum velocity at take-off in Tai Chi group were also greater than the control group. Conclusion: Since the jump height of Tai Chi group was significantly higher (p ＜ .05), it was inferred that the lower-extremity muscle strength of the Tai Chi group was stronger than the control group. This might be due to the maximum moment and power of the hip joint in the Tai Chi group were better than the control group. It showed that practicing Tai Chi exercise could effectively slow down the degeneration of the moment and power at the hip joint. Therefore, middle-aged elders were recommended to engage in long-term Tai Chi exercise.

1. 吳貴琍、林正常(2005)。太極拳運動對中老年人抗氧化能力的影響。運動生理暨體能學報，3，39-51。
   連結：
2. 吳貴琍、武為瓊(2004)。太極拳對中老年人平衡能力的影響。運動生理暨體能學報，1，90-98。
   連結：
3. 孫銘、劉強、莊榮仁、相子元(2011)。太極拳結合震動訓練對膝伸肌神經肌肉特性之影響。體育學報，44(2)，173-191。
   連結：
4. 張文星、張耀庭、黃長福、張家豪(2014)。有無從事太極拳運動對中老年人下階梯動作型態之比較。體育學報，47(4)，531-540。
   連結：
5. 張瓊丹、陳靜敏、鄭綺、林貴福(2005)。太極拳運動訓練對改善老年高血壓個案之健康狀況成效。運動生理暨體能學報，2，103-118。
   連結：
6. 行政院主計總處（2015）。現住人口數按年齡分。取自http://www.dgbas.gov.tw/ct.asp?xItem=15408&CtNode=4594&mp=1。[Directorate General of Budget, Accounting and Statistics, Executive Yuan. (2015). Xian zhu ren kou shu an nian ling fen. zi liao qu zi. Retrieved from http://www.dgbas.gov.tw/ct.asp?xItem=15408&CtNode=4594&mp=1]
7. 行政院衛生署中央健康保險局（2015）。民國100年核定全民健康保險費率精算報告。取自http://www.nhi.gov.tw/Resource/webdata/20998_2_100年精算報告(101年1月).pdf。[National Health Insurance Administration, Ministry of Health and Welfare. (2015). Min guo 100 nian he ding quan min jian kang bao xian fei lü jing suan bao gao. zil liao qu zi. Retrieved from http://www.nhi.gov.tw/Resource/webdata/20998_2_100nian jing suan bao gao(101 nian 1 yue).pdf]
8. Anne, O.B.,Chad R.S.(2014).Muscle capacity and physical function in older women: What are the impacts of resistance training?.Journal of Sport and Health Science,3(3),179-188.
9. Chi, J. C.,Huang, C. F.,Kernozek, T. W.,Hsieh, Y. Y.(2013).Counter movement jump performance between older adults with and without regular tai chi exercise training.Archives of Budo,9(3),249-254.
10. Chung, P.H.,Lin, G.L.,Liu, C.,Chuang, L.R.,Shiang, T.Y.(2013).The effects of tai chi chuan combined with vibration training on balance control and lower extremity muscle power.Journal of Sports Science and Medicine,12(1),19-26.
11. Dempster W. T.(1955).Space requirements of the seated operator.
12. Gatts, S.K.,Woollacott, M.H.(2007).How Tai Chi improves balance: biomechanics of recovery to a walking slip in impaired seniors.Gait Posture,25(2),205-214.
13. Harmer, P. A.,Li, F.(2008).Tai Chi and falls prevention in older people.Medicine Sport Science,52,124-134.
14. Jakobsen, M.D.,Sundstrup, E.,Randers, M.B.,Kjaer, M.,Andersen, L.L.,Krustrup, P.,Aagaard, P.(2012).The effect of strength training, recreational soccer and running exercise on stretch-shortening cycle muscle performance during countermovement jumping.Human Movement Science,31(4),970-986.
15. Lara-Sanchez, A.J.,Zagalaz, M. L.,Berdejo-Del-Fresno, D.,Martinez-Lopez, E.J.(2011).Jump peak power assessment through power prediction equations in different samples.The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research,25(7),1957-1962.
16. Li, J. X.,Xu, D. Q.,Hong, Y.(2009).Changes in muscle strength, endurance, and reaction of the lower extremities with Tai Chi intervention.Journal of Biomechanics,42(8),967-971.
17. Mak, M.K.,Ng, P.L.(2003).Mediolateral sway in single-leg stance is the best discriminator of balance performance for Tai-Chi practitioners.Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilittation,84(5),683-686.
18. Mitchell, C.J.,Sale, D.G.(2011).Enhancement of jump performance after a 5-RM squat is associated with postactivation potentiation.European Journal of Applied Physiology,111(8),1957-1963.
19. Muehlbauer, T.,Besemer, C.,Wehrle, A.,Gollhofer, A.,Granacher, U.(2012).Relationship between strength, power and balance performance in seniors.Gerontology,58(6),504-512.
20. Paasuke, M.,Ereline, J.,Gapeyeva, H.(2003).Age-related differences in knee extension rate of isometric force development and vertical jumping performance in women.The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness,43(4),453-458.
21. Pereira, A.,Izquierdo, M.,Silva, A.J.,Costa, A.M.,Gonzalez-Badillo, J.J.,Marques, M.C.(2012).Muscle performance and functional capacity retention in older women after high-speed power training cessation.Experimental Gerontology,47(8),620-624.
22. Qin, L.,Choy, W.,Leung, K.,Leung, P.C.,Au, S.,Hung, W.,Chan, K.(2005).Beneficial effects of regular Tai Chi exercise on musculoskeletal system.Journal of Bone and Mineral Metabolism,23(2),186-190.
23. Skelton, D.A.,Greig, C.A.,Davies, J.M.,Young, A.(1994).Strength, power and related functional ability of healthy people aged 65-89 years.Age Ageing,23(5),371-377.
24. Song, Q.H.,Zhang, Q.H.,Xu, R.M.,Ma, M.,Zhao, X.P.,Shen, G.Q.,Wang, Y.(2014).Effect of Tai-chi exercise on lower limb muscle strength, bone mineral density and balance function of elderly women.International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine,7(6),1569-1576.
25. Thornton, E.W.,Sykes, K.S.,Tang, W.K.(2004).Health benefits of Tai Chi exercise: improved balance and blood pressure in middle-aged women.Health Promotion International,19(1),33-38.
26. Tuunainen, E.,Rasku, J.,Jantti, P.,Pyykko, I.(2014).Risk factors of falls in community dwelling active elderly.Auris Nasus Larynx,41(1),10-16.
27. Wolfson, L.,Whipple, R.,Derby, C.,Judge, J.,King, M.,Amerman, P.,Smyers, D.(1996).Balance and strength training in older adults: Intervention gains and Tai Chi maintenance.Journal of the American Geriatrics Society,44(5),498-506.
28. Wu, G.,Zhao, F.,Zhou, X.,Wei, L.(2002).Improvement of isokinetic knee extensor strength and reduction of postural sway in the elderly from long-term Tai Chi exercise.Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation,83(10),1364-1369.
29. Xu, D.Q.,Li, J.X.,Hong, Y.(2006).Effects of long term Tai Chi practice and jogging exercise on muscle strength and endurance in older people.British Journal of Sports Medicine,40(1),50-54.
30. Zhuang, J.,Huang, L.,Wu, Y.,Zhang, Y.(2014).The effectiveness of a combined exercise intervention on physical fitness factors related to falls in community-dwelling older adults.Clinical Interventions in Aging,9,131-140.

1. 劉佳哲,陳偉銘,沈易利,李建平,吳忠芳(2019)。八週訓練課程介入對青少年網球選手爆發力之影響。臺中科大體育學刊，15，63-73。
2. 羅旭壯(2018)。樂活族國民體適能與身體快樂訊息之關係。臺大體育學報，35，49-61。