外在注意焦點提高曲棍球精熟者推球的準確性與穩定性

Enhancing pushing accuracy and stability through an external focus of attention in hockey experts

10.3966/102472972018095103006

林靜兒(Ching-Er Lin)；李幸陵(Hsing-Ling Lee)

高中運動員 ； 動態注意焦點 ； 單一注意焦點 ； OPTIMAL ； senior high school athlete ； dynamic focus of attention ； pure focus of attention ； OPTIMAL theory

體育學報

51卷3期（2018 / 09 / 01）

345 - 355

繁體中文

緒論：目前的研究發現外在注意焦點有益於個體的動作技能表現，但對精熟者而言除了固定或單一的注意焦點外，動態注意焦點亦可能是影響精熟者動作表現的重要因素之一，因此，本研究探討單一注意焦點及動態注意焦點對精熟者推球動作的效應。方法：招募18名高中男子曲棍球校隊運動員（平均年齡16.5 ± 0.8歲，平均球齡3.9 ± 2.1年），採用受試者內設計讓實驗參加者在外在注意焦點、內外動態注意焦點及近遠動態注意焦點情境下各完成5次推球，共計15球，每次試作後記錄得分、落點座標、推球速度及填寫依照指導語完成實驗工作程度的自我評估表，並在完成所有試作後填寫注意焦點策略問卷。結果：經相依樣本單因子變異數分析發現，（一）外在注意焦點的得分（35.89 ± 8.33分）顯著高於內外動態（26.78 ± 11.44分）與近遠動態注意焦點（25.89 ± 12.28分）。（二）外在注意焦點的離心誤差（75.96 ± 22.53公分）、內外動態注意焦點的離心誤差（84.49 ±26.88公分）與近遠動態注意焦點的離心誤差（84.14 ± 21.92公分）未達統計顯著差異。（三）外在注意焦點的變異誤差（54.16 ± 15.37公分）、內外動態注意焦點的變異誤差（63.59 ± 18.79公分）與近遠動態注意焦點的變異誤差（60.52 ± 23.29公分）未達統計顯著差異。（四）外在注意焦點擊中標靶的變異誤差（34.53 ± 9.94公分）顯著低於內外動態（50.15 ± 15.14公分）與近遠動態的注意焦點（45.31 ± 15.45公分）。本研究的結論認為：曲棍球精熟者使用外在注意焦點相較於內外動態注焦點與近遠動態注意焦點，較能有效的將球推至目標範圍且具有較高的穩定性。

Introduction: Current research was considered that an external focus was beneficial for motor skill performance. However, for expert, in addition to single focus of attention, the dynamic focus of attention probably was an important factor that influenced expert's motor performance. Therefore, this study aimed to examine the effects of pure and dynamic focus of attention on expert's pushing performance. Methods: Eighteen male senior high school hockey athletes (age = 16.5 ± 0.8 years, training experience = 3.9 ± 2.1 years) were recruited to participate in the study. Using the within-participant design, each participant completed 5 pushes for each of external focus, internal-external dynamic focus and near-far dynamic focus experimental conditions. All participants completed 15 trials in testing session. Pushing score, coordinates, push speed, and self-assessment of following instruction after every trial were recorded, and participant filled the questionnaire of the focus of attention strategy after completed all trials. Pushing score, radial error, variable error and variable error on the target were calculated for each condition. Data were analyzed by one-way repeated measures ANOVA. Results: (a) The pushing score of external focus (35.89 ± 8.33) was significant higher than the internal-external dynamic focus (26.78 ± 11.44) and the near-far dynamic focus (25.89 ± 12.28). (b) The radial error of external focus (75.96 ± 22.53cm), internal-external dynamic focus (84.49 ± 26.88cm) and near-far dynamic focus (84.14 ± 21.92cm) were not significant difference. (c) The variable error of external focus (54.16 ± 15.37cm), internal-external dynamic focus (63.59 ± 18.79cm) and near-far dynamic focus (60.52 ± 23.29cm) were not significant difference. (d) The variable error on the target of external focus (34.53 ± 9.94cm) was significant lower than the internal-external dynamic focus (50.15 ± 15.14cm) and the near-far dynamic focus (45.31 ± 15.45cm). Conclusion: The results showed that expert hockey players adopted the external focus of attention not only makes pushing effectively but also has higher stability rather than internal-external dynamic focus and near-far dynamic focus.

1. 李幸陵、林靜兒(2016)。內感受性焦點指導促進曲棍球精熟者之擊球表現。大專體育學刊，18(4)，262-272。
   連結：
2. Baker, J.(Ed.),Farrow, D.(Ed.)(2015).Routledge handbook of sport expertise.London, UK:Routledge.
3. Bell, J. J.,Hardy, J.(2009).Effects of attentional focus on skilled performance in golf.Journal of Applied Sport Psychology,21(2),163-177.
4. Bernier, M.,Codron, R.,Thienot, E.,Fournier, J. F.(2011).The attentional focus of expert golfers in training and competition: A naturalistic investigation.Journal of Applied Sport Psychology,23(3),326-341.
5. Bernier, M.,Trottier, C.,Thienot, E.,Fournier, J.(2016).An investigation of attentional foci and their temporal patterns: A naturalistic study in expert figure skaters.The Sport Psychologist,30(3),256-266.
6. Chiviacowsky, S.,Wulf, G.,Ávila, L. T. G.(2013).An external focus of attention enhances motor learning in children with intellectual disabilities.Journal of Intellectual Disability Research,57(7),627-634.
7. Chiviacowsky, S.,Wulf, G.,Wally, R.(2010).An external focus of attention enhances balance learning in older adults.Gait and Posture,32(4),572-575.
8. Cohen, J.(1988).Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences.Hillsdale, NJ:Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
9. Diekfuss, J. A.,Raisbeck, L. D.(2016).Focus of attention in NCAA division 1 collegiate athletes: A qualitative investigation.Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology,38,S58.
10. Fitts, P. M.(1954).The information capacity of the human motor system in controlling the amplitude of movement.Journal of Experimental Psychology,47,381-391.
11. Halperin, I.,Chapman, D. W.,Martin, D. T.,Abbiss, C.(2016).The effects of attentional focus instructions on punching velocity and impact forces among trained combat athletes.Journal of Sports Sciences,18,1-8.
12. Ille, A.,Selin, I.,Do, M. C.,Thon, B.(2013).Attentional focus effects on sprint start performance as a function of skill level.Journal of Sports Sciences,31(15),1705-1712.
13. International Hockey Federation(2015).Rules of hockey.
14. Keogh, J. W. L.,Weber, C. L.,Dalton, C. T.(2011).Evaluation of anthropometric, physiological, and skill-related tests for talent identification in female field hockey.Canadian Journal of Applied Physiology,28(3),397-409.
15. Kirk, R. E.(2013).Experimental design: Procedures for the behavioral sciences.Thousand Oaks, CA:Sage.
16. Magill, R.,Anderson, D.(2016).Motor learning and control: Concepts and applications.New York, NY:McGraw-Hill.
17. Malhotra, N.,Poolton. J. M.,Wilson, M. R.,Ngo, K.,Masters, R. S. W.(2012).Conscious monitoring and control (reinvestment) in surgical performance under pressure.Surgical Endoscopy,26(9),2423-2429.
18. Moors, A.(2016).Automaticity: Componential, causal, and mechanistic explanations.Annual Review of Psychology,67,263-287.
19. Nideffer, R. M.(1976).Test of attentional and interpersonal style.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,34(3),394-404.
20. Porter, J. M.,Anton, P. M.,Wikoff, N.,Ostrowski, J.(2013).Instructing skilled athletes to focus their attention externally at greater distances enhances jumping performance.Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research,27,2073-2078.
21. Porter, P. M.,Sims, B.(2013).Altering focus of attention influences elite athletes sprinting performance.International Journal of Sports Science and Coaching,7(2),41-51.
22. Saemi, E.,Porter, J.,Wulf, G.,Ghotbi-Varzaneh, A.,Bakhtiari, S.(2013).Adopting an external focus of attention facilitates motor learning in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.Kinesiology: International Journal of Fundamental and Applied Kinesiology,45(2),179-185.
23. Schmidt, R. A.,Lee, T. D.(2011).Motor control and learning: A behavioral emphasis.Champaign, IL:Human Kinetics.
24. Schorer, J.,Jaitner, T.,Wollny, R.,Fath, F.,Baker, J.(2012).Influence of varying focus of attention conditions on dart throwing performance in experts and novices.Experimental Brain Research,217(2),287-297.
25. Stoate, I.,Wulf, G.(2011).Does the attentional focus adopted by swimmers affect their performance?.International Journal of Sport Science and Coaching,6,99-108.
26. Toner, J.,Moran. A.(2015).Enhancing performance proficiency at the expert level: Considering the role of'somaethetic awareness'.Psychology of Sport and Exercise,16,110-117.
27. Tversky, A.,Kahneman, D.(1973).Availability: A heuristic for judging frequency and probability.Cognitive Psychology,5(2),207-232.
28. Wulf, G.(2013).Attentional focus and motor learning: A review of 15 years.International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology,6(1),77-104.
29. Wulf, G.,Höß, M.,Prinz, W.(1998).Instructions for motor learning: Differential effects of internal versus external focus of attention.Journal of Motor Behavior,30(2),169-179.
30. Wulf, G.,Landers, M.,Lewthwaite, R.,Töllner, T.(2009).External focus instructions reduce postural instability in individuals with Parkinson disease.Physical Therapy,89(2),162-168.
31. Wulf, G.,Lewthwaite, R.(2016).Optimizing performance through intrinsic motivation and attention for learning: The OPTIMAL theory of motor learning.Psychonomic Bulletin and Review
32. Wulf, G.,McNevin, N.,Shea, C. H.(2001).The automaticity of complex motor skill learning as a function of attentional focus.The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A,54(4),1143-1154.
33. Wulf, G.,Su, J.(2007).External focus of attention enhances golf shot accuracy in beginners and experts.Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport,78(4),384-389.
34. 李明榮、萬清和(1983)。曲棍球理論與實際。臺北市=Taipei:健行文化=Jian Xing Wen Hua。