氧化壓力與運動增補劑

10.6223/qcpe.2402.201006.2004

郭堉圻

兒茶素 ； 氧化壓力

中華體育季刊

24卷2期（2010 / 06 / 01）

29 - 37

繁體中文

構成物質的原子，其所帶的電子通常都是成對的，當原子或分子因某些原因去失成對電子，而形成不成對電子(unpaired electron)，就是所謂的自由基(free radicals)。在運動過程中，氧的運輸及代謝對於人體活動是非常重要的關鍵，但在整個過程中，也會產生對人體有害的物質，如：活性氧(reactive oxygen species, ROS)、自由基(free radical)等。當這些物質超過正常生理機能所需時，加上體內的抗氧化系統，不能抵擋自由基的攻擊，則對細胞組織造成傷害，稱爲氧化壓力(oxidative stress)。 抗氧化系統，包括酵素和一些小分子物質，有些身體會自己製造，有些則需從食物中獲得。人體在正常的細胞代謝及對抗外來病菌的侵襲時，會產生自由基來預防或降低氧化性傷害，因此逐漸發展出一套抗氧化系統，來平衡體內的自由基。而近年來，一些抗氧化物的健康食品，陸續地被開發展出來，例如：薑黃素(curcumin)、葡萄仔、兒茶素(catechin)等。其主要功能在於加強人體的非抗氧化酵素部分，也就是從食物中攝取抗氧化物質，來保護身體避免受到氧化傷害。茶中的兒茶素佔茶多酚類成分總含量的75~80%，它具有抗氧化作用、抗癌、抑菌、降低血壓、血脂及膽固醇等生理功效。兒茶素在許多的人體和動物實驗模式中，扮演保護細胞的生理角色。對於運動所引發的氧化傷害，有減緩及抑制的功能，動物實驗亦可證實可促進運動表現。本文主要對兒茶素的生理作用、其抗氧化功能及運動表現，分別加以討論。

1. Cabrera, C.,Artacho, R.,Gimenez, R.(2006).Beneficial effects of green tea -a review.Journal of the American College of Nutrition,25,79-99.
2. Carmia, B.(1997).Antioxidants and cancer.Science & Medicine,4(6),52-61.
3. Cordey, M.,Gundimeda, U.,Gopalakrishna, R.,Pike, C. J.(2003).Estrogen activates Protein kinase C in neurons: Role in neuroprotection.Journal of Neurochemistry,84,1340-1348.
4. Cotgreave, I. A.,Moldéus, P.,Orrenius, S.(1988).Host biochemical defense: Mechanisms against prooxidants.Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology,28,189-212.
5. Dalluge, J. J.,Nelson, B. C.(2000).Determination of tea catechins.Journal of Chromatography A,881(1-2),411-424.
6. Dillard, C. J.,Litov, R. E.,Savin, R. E.,Dumelin, E. E.,Tappel, A. L.(1978).Effect of exercise, vitamin E and ozone on pulmonary function and lipid peroxidation.Journal of Applied Physiology,45,927-934.
7. Dufresne, C. J.,Farnworth, E. R.(2001).A review of latest research findings on the health promotion properties of tea.The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry,12,404-421.
8. Freese, R.,Basu, S.,Hietanen, E.(1999).Green tea extract decreases plasma malondialdehyde concentration but does not affect other indicators of oxidative stress, nitric oxide production, or hemostatic factors during a high-linoleic acid diet in healthy females.European journal of Nutrition,38,149-157.
9. Frei, B.,Higdon, J. V.(2003).Antioxidant activity of tea polyhenols in vivo: Evidence from animal studies.The Journal of Nutrition,133,3275-3284.
10. Halliwell, B.,Chirico, S.(1993).Lipid peroxidation: Its mechanism, measurement and significance.American Journal of Clinical Nutrition,57(suppl),715s-725s.
11. He, P.,Noda, Y.,Sugiyama, K.(2001).Green tea suppresses lipopolysaccharide-induced liver injury in d-galactosamine-sensitized rats.The Journal of Nutrition,131,1560-1567.
12. Higdon, J. V.,Frei, B.(2003).Tea catechins and polyphenols: Health effects, metabolism, and antioxidant functions.Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition,43(1),89-143.
13. Jenkins, R. R.(1988).Free radical chemistry: Relationship to exercise.Sports Medicine,5,156-170.
14. Kanter, M. M.,Nolte, L. A.,Holloszy, J. O.(1993).Effects of an antioxidant vitamin mixture on lipid peroxidation at rest and postexercise.Journal of Applied Physiology: Respiratory Environmental and Exercise Physiology,74(3),965-969.
15. Kaplan, D. R.,Miller, F. D.(2000).Neurotrophin signal transduction in the nervous system.Current Opinion in Neurology and Neurosurgery,10,381-391.
16. Katiyar, S. K.,Mukhtar, H.(2001).Green tea polyphenol (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate treatment to mouse skin prevents UVB-induced infiltration of leukocytes, depletion of antigen -presenting cells, and oxidative stress.Journal of Leukocyte Biology,69(5),719-726.
17. Komatsu, M.,Hiramatsu, M.(2000).The efficacy of an antioxidant cocktail on lipid peroxide level and superoxide dismutase activity in aged rat brain and DNA damage in iron-induced epileptogenic foci.Toxicology,148(2-3),143-148.
18. Kumiari, M. V.,Yoneda, T.,Hiramatsu, M.(1997).Effect of b-catechin on the life span of senescence accelerated mice.Biochemistry and Molecular Biology International,41(5),1005-1011.
19. Lee, S.,Suhl, S.,Kim, S.(2000).Protective effects of the green tea polyphenol (-)-epigallocatechin gallate against hippocampal neuronal damage after transient global ischemia in gerbils.Neuroscience Letters,287,191-194.
20. Maher, P.(2001).How protein kinase C activation protects nerve cells from oxidative stress-induced cell death.The Journal of Neuroscience: The Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience,21,2929-2938.
21. Mandel, S.,Weinreb, O.,Amit, T.,Youdim, M. B.(2004).Cell signaling pathways in the neuroprotective actions of the green tea polyphenol(-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate: Implications for neurodegenerative diseases.Journal of Neurochemistry,88,1555-1569.
22. Miyazawa, M.(2000).Roles of endogeneous retroviruses and platelets in the development of vascular injury in spontaneous mouse models of autoimmune diseases.International Journal of Cardiology,31(75),S75-S81.
23. Murase, T.,Haramizu, S.,Shimotoyodome, A.,Nagasawa, A.,Tokimitsu, I.(2006).Green tea extract improves mnning endurance in mice by stimulating lipid utilization during exercise.American Journal of Physiology,290(6),R1550-1556.
24. Nakagawa, K.,Ninomiya, M.,Okubo, T.,Aoi, N.,Juneja, L.R.(1999).Tea catechin supplementation increases antioxidant capacity and prevents phospholipid hydroperoxidation in plasma of humans.Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry,47,3967-3973.
25. Nakagawa, T.,Yokozawa, T.,Terasawa, K., Shu, S.,Juneja, L. R.(2002).Protective activity of green tea against free radical and glucose mediated protein damage.Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry,50,2418-2440.
26. Nicolosi, R. J.,Lawton, C. W.,Wilson, T. A.(1999).Vitamin E reduces plasma low density lipoprotein cholesterol, LDL oxidation, and early early atherosclerosis compared with black tea in hypercholesterolemic hamsters.Nutrition Research,19(8),1201-1214.
27. Sato, T.,Miyata, G.(2000).The nutraceutical benefit, part I: Green tea.Nutrition,16,315-317.
28. Sen, C. K.,Atalay, M.,Hanninen, O.(1994).Exercise-induced oxidative stress: Glutathione supplementation and deficiency.Journal of Applied Physiology,77(5),2177-2187.
29. Singer, C. A.,Figueroa-Masot, X. A.,Batchelor, R. H.,Dorsa, D. M.(1999).The mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway mediates estrogen neuroprotection after glutamate toxicity in primary cortical neurons.The Journal of Neuroscience: The Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience,19,2455-2463.
30. Venables, M. C.,Hulston, C. J.,Cox, H. R.,Jeukendrup, A. E.(2008).Green tea extract ingestion, fat oxidation, and glucose tolerance in healthy humans.American Journal of Clinical Nutrition,87(3),778-784.
31. Yang, C. S.,Landau, J. M.(2000).Effects of tea consumption on nutrition and health.The Journal of Nutrition,130,2409-2412.
32. Yang, C. S.,Maliakal, P.,Meng, X.(2002).Inhibition of carcinogenesis by tea.Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology,42,25-54.
33. 郭堉圻(2004)。博士論文(博士論文)。臺北市，國立臺灣師範大學。