人體行走轉彎機制

The Mechanism of Turning on Human Walking

10.6223/qcpe.2603.201209.1510

邱文信(Wen-Shin Chiu)；徐偉銍(Wei-Chih Hsu)

轉彎 ； 人體平衡 ； 轉彎策略 ； turning ； human balance ； turning strategy

中華體育季刊

26卷3期（2012 / 09 / 01）

353 - 360

繁體中文

正常行走狀況下，若欲進行方向的改變，必須維持身體的重心在兩側支撐腳之間，並且保持平衡穩定，「方位的定向」與「轉彎的策略」尤其重要。過往大多數文獻著重於特定族群在步態參數、上下樓梯、戶外活動以及家庭場域的研究等，卻忽略看似簡單的「轉彎」動作。事實上轉彎動作包含「偵測」、「決策」及「轉彎動作執行」等三大步驟，當中的「協調」相當重要，若無法順利執行，甚至有可能引發跌倒危機。因此，本文就人體轉彎之機制，從預期性姿勢調整理論（APAs）開始介紹，進而綜合文獻探討人體轉彎策略，分為「同側支撐腳轉彎」及「交叉腳轉彎」兩種，最後探討人體肢段如何搭配上述策略，成功執行轉彎動作。本文提供在轉彎過程維持平衡之生物力學參數，以及中樞神經決策與外在表現轉彎策略，藉以提供了解「行走轉彎」的複雜機制並降低轉彎過程發生危險之可能性。

Change direction is most important behavior for suddenly decision-making of walking in diary livings which related the complicated to musculo-skeletal system to human body. Motor program with before-and-after turning process include detect by somatosensation, resolute from central nerve system and executive with motor performance. Present article tries to review the mechanism of the turning performance with individual anticipate in environmental hazards. The anticipatory in upper limbs and lower extremities detected in those hazards has been lead to responsible for generating a forwards fall at the ankle which initiates the movement. Besides, surveying the comprehensive turning strategy in common from past references and how individual chosen with body segment enhance direction changing smooth and stable. Given the limited amount of literature available on the task of turning and reduce the possibilities of risk during the process through turning might enhance the well-being to the activities of daily life.

1. 梁芸欣、吳昭容(2007)。轉彎數與注意力對兒童及成人之空間距離感與時間感的影響。中華心理學刊，49(1)，19-33。
   連結：
2. Andrews, J. R.,McLeod, W. D.,Ward, T.,Howard, K.(1977).The cutting mechanism.The American Journal of Sports Medicine,5(3),111.
3. Bigel, M. G.,Ellard, C. G.(2000).The contribution of nonvisual information to simple place navigation and distance estimation: An examination of path integration.Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology,54(3),172.
4. Brunelli, A.,Monteverde, M.,Al Refai, M.,Fianchini, A.(2004).Stair climbing test as a predictor of cardiopulmonary complications after pulmonary lobectomy in the elderly.The Annals of Thoracic Surgery,77(1),266-270.
5. Cappozzo, A.(1983).The forces and couples in the human trunk during level walking.Journal of Biomechanics,16(4),265-277.
6. Carl, T.,Molly, T.,Katie, L.,Jane, A.,Stephen, F.(2003).Foot and ankle fractures in elderly white women incidence and risk factors.The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery (American),85(5),820-824.
7. Courtine, G.,Schieppati, M.(2003).Human walking along a curved path. I. Body trajectory, segment orientation and the effect of vision.European Journal of Neuroscience,18(1),177-190.
8. Gill, T. M.,Baker, D. I.,Gottschalk, M.,Peduzzi, P. N.,Allore, H.,Byers, A.(2002).A program to prevent functional decline in physically frail, elderly persons who live at home.New England Journal of Medicine,347(14),1068-1074.
9. Glaister, B. C.,Bernatz, G. C.,Klute, G. K.,Orendurff, M. S.(2007).Video task analysis of turning during activities of daily living.Gait & Posture,25(2),289-294.
10. Hase, K.,Stein, R.(1999).Turning strategies during human walking.Journal of Neurophysiology,81(6),2914.
11. Kubo, M.,Holt, K. G.,Saltzman, E.,Wagenaar, R. C.(2006).Changes in axial stiffness of the trunk as a function of walking speed.Journal of Biomechanics,39(4),750-757.
12. Le Pellec, A.,Maton, B.(2000).Anticipatory postural adjustments depend on final equilibrium and task complexity in vertical high jump movements.Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology,10(3),171-178.
13. Lehnung, M.,Leplow, B.,Ekroll, V.,Herzog, A.,Mehdorn, M.,Ferstl, R.(2003).The role of locomotion in the acquisition and transfer of spatial knowledge in children.Scandinavian Journal of Psychology,44(2),79-86.
14. Lyon, I.,Day, B.(1997).Control of frontal plane body motion in human stepping.Experimental Brain Research,115(2),345-356.
15. Mann, W. C.,Ottenbacher, K. J.,Fraas, L.,Tomita, M.,Granger, C. V.(1999).Effectiveness of assistive technology and environmental interventions in maintaining independence and reducing home care costs for the frail elderly: A randomized controlled trial.Archives of Family Medicine,8(3),210.
16. Massion, J.(1992).Movement, posture and equilibrium: Interaction and coordination.Prog Neurobiol,38(1),35-56.
17. Myers, J. D.,Chappell, A.,Elder, M.,Geist, A.,Schwidder, L.(2003).Re-integrating the research record.Computing in Science & Engineering,5(3),44-50.
18. Pai, Y. C.,Patton, J.(1997).Center of mass velocity-position predictions for balance control.Journal of Biomechanics,30(4),347-354.
19. Patla, A. E.,Adkin, A.,Ballard, T.(1999).Online steering: Coordination and control of body center of mass, head and body reorientation.Experimental Brain Research,129(4),629-634.
20. Patla, A. E.,Prentice, S. D.,Robinson, C.,Neufeld, J.(1991).Visual control of locomotion: Strategies for changing direction and for going over obstacles.Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance,17(3),603.
21. Patla, A. E.,Robinson, C.,Samways, M.,Armstrong, C. J.(1989).Visual control of step length during overground locomotion: Task-specific modulation of the locomotor synergy.Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance,15(3),603.
22. Popp, M. M.,Platzer, E.,Eichner, M.,Schade, M.(2004).Walking with and without walking: Perception of distance in large-scale urban areas in reality and in virtual reality.Presence: Teleoperators & Virtual Environments,13(1),61-76.
23. Sreenivasa, M. N.,Frissen, I.,Souman, J. L.,Ernst, M. O.(2008).Walking along curved paths of different angles: The relationship between head and trunk turning.Experimental Brain Research,191(3),313-320.
24. Taylor, M.,Dabnichki, P.,Strike, S.(2005).A three-dimensional biomechanical comparison between turning strategies during the stance phase of walking.Human Movement Science,24(4),558-573.
25. Wagenaar, R.,Beek, W.(1992).Hemiplegic gait: A kinematic analysis using walking speed as a basis.Journal of Biomechanics,25(9),1007-1015.
26. Wearing, S. C.,Urry, S.,Smeathers, J. E.,Battistutta, D.(1999).A comparison of gait initiation and termination methods for obtaining plantar foot pressures.Gait & Posture,10(3),255-263.
27. Winter, D. A.,Torburn, L.(1992).The biomechanics and motor control of human gait: Normal, elderly and pathological, 2nd edition.Journal of Rehabilitation Research and Development,29(3),76-77.
28. Xu, D.,Carlton, L. G.,Rosengren, K. S.(2004).Anticipatory postural adjustments for altering direction during walking.Journal of Motor Behavior,36(3),316-326.
29. 李永強(2009)。60~69歲婦女自然行走時的足底壓力特徵。中國組織工程研究與臨床康復，13(41)，8044-8047。
30. 昊文華、林曉聰(2010)。手臂擺動對行走時軀幹運動協調的影響。福建醫科大學學報，44(5)，315-319。
31. 徐偉銍、邱文信(2011)。走路時轉彎預期姿勢足壓模式之探討［摘要］。2011建國百年活力滿百體育運動學術研討會，新竹市: