單次運動與長期運動對認知功能的影響

The effect of acute and long-term exercise on cognitive functions performance

10.6223/qcpe.202003_34(1).0004

張祐華(Yu-Hua, Chang)；盧淑雲(Shu-Yun, Lu)；林貴福(Kuei-Fu, Lin)

身體活動 ； 腦波 ； 注意力 ； 執行功能 ； exercise ； cognition ； electroencephalography ； attention ； executive functions

中華體育季刊

34卷1期（2020 / 03 / 01）

35 - 48

繁體中文

隨著年齡增加腦部功能日益衰退，認知能力也隨之下降，運動或身體活動對於大腦的益處逐漸受到關注。單次或長期的運動介入，對於不同年齡階段認知功能的影響也有所差異。本文以回顧文獻方式，探討單次與長期運動對腦神經生理及對認知表現的影響，搜尋2007年至2019年10月期間所發表的學術期刊，篩選出52篇原創性論文及21篇綜評性文章，進行分析、比較與歸納。結果發現，運動可透過血流變化對腦部功能產生有益影響，並刺激神經傳遞物質、神經營養物質與內分泌激素的代謝，也能促進腦血管新生及增加腦部灰質體積。在單次運動介入下，腦源性神經營養因子（BDNF）與第一型類胰島素生長因子（IGF-1）短暫的濃度變化與認知表現似乎無正向相關，認知改善的效果可能來自大腦覺醒程度改變。長期有氧運動則可能改變BDNF基礎濃度或增強BDNF對運動的反應，而長期阻力運動可觀察到IGF-1濃度提升。在認知表現上，單次中強度有氧運動對各年齡層認知功能皆有益，單次中強度阻力運動則能改善成人及老人的注意力、工作記憶與執行控制能力。長期運動方面，兒童在進行8週的協調性運動可提升注意力，持續6個月可改善執行功能、視覺空間感知與工作記憶，成人可透過6個月的有氧運動提升認知執行功能，12週的中高強度阻力運動可改善延遲記憶能力，老人則建議以3個月以上的有氧運動或6個月以上的漸進式中高強度阻力運動來提升認知能力。由於單次運動後對認知功能改善效果是短暫的，建議以長期規律運動，持續維持大腦的功能與健康。

The brain function gradually declines with the age increases, so as the cognition abilities. Therefore, the benefits of exercise on the brain cognitive functions have gradually caught attention. In addition, acute or long-term interventions of exercise have different impacts on the cognitive functions. The study investigated the acute and long-term effects of exercise on the neurophysiological and cognitive performance through literature review. Fifty- two original articles and 21 reviews from 2007 to October 2019 were searched and selected for further analysis and comparison. The results showed that exercise benefited brain functions through different blood flow, stimulated the metabolism of neurotransmitters, neurotrophic factors and endocrine hormones, promoted cerebral angiogenesis, and increased brain gray matter volume. In a single intervention of acute exercise, the transient concentration changes of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) did not appear to be positively correlated with cognitive performance, and the effect of cognitive improvement might come from changes in the level of brain awakening. Long-term aerobic exercise was indicated to change the basal concentration of BDNF or enhance the response of BDNF to exercise, while long-term resistance exercise could result in an increase in IGF-1 levels. For the cognitive performance, moderate-intensity acute aerobic exercise was beneficial for cognitive functions in all age groups, and moderate-intensity acute resistance exercise could improve attention, working memory and executive control ability of adults and the elderly. In terms of long-term exercise, children enhanced attention after 8-week coordinative exercise, and improved executive functions, visuospatial perception and working memory after 6 months. Adults could elevate cognitive executive function by 6-month aerobic exercise and enhance delayed memory by 12 weeks of moderate to high load resistance training. The elderly was recommended aerobic exercise for more than 3 months or progressive moderate to high intensity resistance exercise for more than 6 months to improve cognitive abilities. To sum up, the improvement of acute exercise was temporal, long-term and regular exercises are suggested to maintain the brain function and health.

1. 王俊智,宋岱芬,祝堅恆,張育愷(2016)。健身運動與認知功能：大腦神經滋養因子調節機制之探討。應用心理研究，64，95-134。
   連結：
2. 王俊智,黃啟彰,石家豪,祝堅恆,張育愷(2016)。急性健身運動對執行功能之影響：事件相關電位與大腦神經滋養因子之研究。體育學報，49(S)，47-60。
   連結：
3. 王駿濠,蔡佳良(2010)。運動或身體活動介入對認知控制功能的影響。中華體育季刊，24(4)，70-81。
   連結：
4. 吳治翰,齊璘,張育愷(2015)。以磁共振成像回顧健身運動與大腦結構之關聯。中華體育季刊，29(2)，153-160。
   連結：
5. 周鳳瑛,蔡佳良(2016)。從 BDNF 觀點探討耐力運動對認知功能之影響。應用心理研究，64，5-38。
   連結：
6. 洪聰敏,石恒星(2009)。腦波在運動心理學研究之應用。應用心理研究，42，123-161。
   連結：
7. 陳豐慈,黃植懋,王俊智,張育愷(2018)。身體活動與老年大腦功能：功能性磁共振造影的研究回顧。教育心理學報，50(2)，363-388。
   連結：
8. 曾竣瑋,洪巧菱,趙曉涵,洪聰敏,王鶴森(2019)。不同急性運動類型對 BDNF 及干擾控制之影響。體育學報，52(3)，307-318。
   連結：
9. 劉人豪,吳治翰,宋岱芬,張育愷,齊璘(2017)。不同運動類型與認知功能之關聯。運動教練科學，46，103-118。
   連結：
10. 謝漱石,闕廷宇,洪聰敏(2017)。急性阻力運動與認知功能：文獻回顧。臺灣運動心理學報，17(1)，111-129。
    連結：
11. Alesi, M.,Bianco, A.,Luppina, G.,Palma, A.,Pepi, A.(2016).Improving children's coordinative skills and executive functions: The effects of a football exercise program.Perceptual and Motor Skills,122(1),27-46.
12. Antunes, H. K. M.,De Mello, M. T.,de Aquino Lemos, V.,Santos-Galduróz, R. F.,Galdieri, L. C.,Bueno, O. F. A.(2015).Aerobic physical exercise improved the cognitive function of elderly males but did not modify their blood homocysteine levels.Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders Extra,5(1),13-24.
13. Audiffren, M.,André, N.(2019).The exercise-cognition relationship: A virtuous circle.Journal of Sport and Health Science,8,339-347.
14. Basso, J. C.,Suzuki, W. A.(2017).The effects of acute exercise on mood, cognition, neurophysiology, and neurochemical pathways: A review.Brain Plasticity,2(2),127-152.
15. Budde, H.,Voelcker-Rehage, C.,Pietraßyk-Kendziorra, S.,Ribeiro, P.,Tidow, G.(2008).Acute coordinative exercise improves attentional performance in adolescents.Neuroscience Letters,441(2),219-223.
16. Cassilhas, R. C.,Viana, V. A.,Grassmann, V.,Santos, R. T.,Santos, R. F.,Tufik, S. E. R. G. I. O.,Mello, M. T.(2007).The impact of resistance exercise on the cognitive function of the elderly.Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise,39(8),1401-1407.
17. Chang, Y. K.,Alderman, B. L.,Chu, C. H.,Wang, C. C.,Song, T. F.,Chen, F. T.(2016).Acute exercise has a general facilitative effect on cognitive function: A combined ERP temporal dynamics and BDNF study.Psychophysiology,54(2),289-300.
18. Chang, Y. K.,Chu, I. H.,Liu, J. H.,Wu, C. H.,Chu, C. H.,Yang, K. T.,Chen, A. G.(2017).Exercise modality is differentially associated with neurocognition in older adults.Neural Plasticity,2017,1-11.
19. Chang, Y. K.,Etnier, J. L.(2009).Exploring the dose-response relationship between resistance exercise intensity and cognitive function.Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology,31(5),640-656.
20. Chang, Y. K.,Labban, J. D.,Gapin, J. I.,Etnier, J. L.(2012).The effects of acute exercise on cognitive performance: A meta-analysis.Brain Research,1453,87-101.
21. Chang, Y. K.,Pan, C. Y.,Chen, F. T.,Tsai, C. L.,Huang, C. C.(2012).Effect of resistance-exercise training on cognitive function in healthy older adults: A review.Journal of Aging and Physical Activity,20(4),497-517.
22. Chang, Y. K.,Tsai, C. L.,Huang, C. C.,Wang, C. C.,Chu, I. H.(2014).Effects of acute resistance exercise on cognition in late middle-aged adults: General or specific cognitive improvement?.Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport,17(1),51-55.
23. Chang, Y. K.,Tsai, Y. J.,Chen, T. T.,Hung, T. M.(2013).The impacts of coordinative exercise on executive function in kindergarten children: An ERP study.Experimental Brain Research,225(2),187-196.
24. Chapman, S. B.,Aslan, S.,Spence, J. S.,DeFine, L. F.,Keebler, M. W.,Didehbani, N.,Lu, H.(2013).Shorter term aerobic exercise improves brain, cognition, and cardiovascular fitness in aging.Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience,5(75),1-9.
25. Chu, C. H.,Kramer, A. F.,Song, T. F.,Wu, C. H.,Hung, T. M.,Chang, Y. K.(2017).Acute exercise and neurocognitive development in preadolescents and young adults: An ERP study.Neural Plasticity,2017,1-13.
26. Cotman, C. W.,Berchtold, N. C.,Christie, L. A.(2007).Exercise builds brain health: Key roles of growth factor cascades and inflammation.Trends in Neurosciences,30(9),464-472.
27. Davranche, K.,Hall, B.,McMorris, T.(2009).Effect of acute exercise on cognitive control required during an Eriksen flanker task.Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology,31(5),628-639.
28. Dinoff, A.,Herrmann, N.,Swardfager, W.,Lanctot, K. L.(2017).The effect of acute exercise on blood concentrations of brain­derived neurotrophic factor in healthy adults: A meta-analysis.European Journal of Neuroscience,46(1),1635-1646.
29. Drollette, E. S.,Scudder, M. R.,Raine, L. B.,Moore, R. D.,Saliba, B. J.,Pontifex, M. B.,Hillman, C. H.(2014).Acute exercise facilitates brain function and cognition in children who need it most: An ERP study of individual differences in inhibitory control capacity.Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience,7,53-64.
30. Ellemberg, D.,St-Louis-Deschênes, M.(2010).The effect of acute physical exercise on cognitive function during development.Psychology of Sport and Exercise,11(2),122-126.
31. Erickson, K. I.,Hillman, C. H.,Kramer, A. F.(2015).Physical activity, brain, and cognition.Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences,4,27-32.
32. Erickson, K. I.,Kramer, A. F.(2008).Aerobic exercise effects on cognitive and neuralplasticity in older adults.British Journal of Sports Medicine,12,22-24.
33. Erickson, K. I.,Voss, M. W.,Prakash, R. S.,Basak, C.,Szabo, A.,Chaddock, L.,Kramer, A. F.(2011).Exercise training increases size of hippocampus and improves memory.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,108(7),3017-3022.
34. Etnier, J. L.,Wideman, L.,Labban, J. D.,Piepmeier, A. T.,Pendleton, D. M.,Dvorak, K. K.,Becofsky, K.(2016).The effects of acute exercise on memory and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF).Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology,38(4),331-340.
35. Fortes, L. D. S.,Costa, M. C.,Melo, R. J. P.,Gomes, J. L. B.,Nascimento-Júnior, J. R. A.,Lima-Júnior, D. R. A. R.,Cyrino, E. S.(2018).Effect of volume in resistance training on inhibitory control in young adults: A randomized and crossover investigation.Frontiers in Psychology,9(2028),1-17.
36. Gligoroska, J. P.,Manchevska, S.(2012).The effect of physical activity on cognition-physiological mechanisms.Materia Socio Medica,24(3),198-202.
37. Hillman, C. H.,Buck, S. M.,Themanson, J. R.,Pontifex, M. B.,Castelli, D. M.(2009).Aerobic fitness and cognitive development: Event-related brain potential and task performance indices of executive control in preadolescent children.Developmental Psychology,45(1),114-129.
38. Hillman, C. H.,Erickson, K. I.,Kramer, A. F.(2008).Be smart, exercise your heart: Exercise effects on brain and cognition.Nature Reviews Neuroscience,9(1),58-65.
39. Hillman, C. H.,Kamijo, K.,Scudder, M.(2011).A review of chronic and acute physical activity participation on neuroelectric measures of brain health and cognition during childhood.Preventive Medicine,52,S21-S28.
40. Hötting, K.,Reich, B.,Holzschneider, K.,Kauschke, K.,Schmidt, T.,Reer, R.,Röder, B.(2012).Differential cognitive effects of cycling versus stretching/coordination training in middle-aged adults.Health Psychology,31(2),145-155.
41. Hötting, K.,Röder, B.(2013).Beneficial effects of physical exercise on neuroplasticity and cognition.Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews,37(9),2243-2257.
42. Hsieh, S. S.,Chang, Y. K.,Fang, C. L.,Hung, T. M.(2016).Acute resistance exercise facilitates attention control in adult males without an age-moderating effect.Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology,38(3),247-254.
43. Hsieh, S. S.,Chang, Y. K.,Hung, T. M.,Fang, C. L.(2016).The effects of acute resistance exercise on young and older males' working memory.Psychology of Sport and Exercise,22,286-293.
44. Kamijo, K.,Hayashi, Y.,Sakai, T.,Yahiro, T.,Tanaka, K.,Nishihira, Y.(2009).Acute effects of aerobic exercise on cognitive function in older adults.Journals of Gerontology: Series B,64(3),356-363.
45. Landrigan, J. F.,Bell, T.,Crowe, M.,Clay, O. J.,Mirman, D.(2019).Lifting cognition: A meta-analysis of effects of resistance exercise on cognition.Psychological Research,1-17.
46. Leckie, R. L.,Oberlin, L. E.,Voss, M. W.,Prakash, R. S.,Szabo-Reed, A.,Chaddock-Heyman, L.,Martin, S. A.(2014).BDNF mediates improvements in executive function following a 1-year exercise intervention.Frontiers in Human Neuroscience,8(985),1-12.
47. Liu-Ambrose, T.,Donaldson, M. G.(2009).Exercise and cognition in older adults: Is there a role for resistance training programmes?.British Journal of Sports Medicine,43(1),25-27.
48. Marston, K. J.,Peiffer, J. J.,Rainey-Smith, S. R.,Gordon, N.,Teo, S. Y.,Laws, S. M.,Brown, B. M.(2019).Resistance training enhances delayed memory in healthy middle-aged and older adults: A randomised controlled trial.Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport,22(11),1129-1231.
49. Masley, S.,Roetzheim, R.,Gualtieri, T.(2009).Aerobic exercise enhances cognitive flexibility.Journal of Clinical Psychology in Medical Settings,16,186-193.
50. McMorris, T.,Hale, B. J.(2012).Differential effects of differing intensities of acute exercise on speed and accuracy of cognition: A meta-analytical investigation.Brain and Cognition,80(3),338-351.
51. McMorris, T.,Sproule, J.,Turner, A.,Hale, B. J.(2011).Acute, intermediate intensity exercise, and speed and accuracy in working memory tasks: A meta-analytical comparison of effects.Physiology and Behavior,102(3-4),421-428.
52. McSween, M. P.,Coombes, J. S.,MacKay, C. P.,Rodriguez, A. D.,Erickson, K. I.,Copland, D. A.,McMahon, K. L.(2018).The immediate effects of acute aerobic exercise on cognition in healthy older adults: A systematic review.Sports Medicine,49(1),67-82.
53. Moraes, H.,Ferreira, C.,Deslandes, A.,Cagy, M.,Pompeu, F.,Ribeiro, P.,Piedade, R.(2007).Beta and alpha electroencephalographic activity changes after acute exercise.Arquivos De Neuro-Psiquiatria,65(3A),637-641.
54. Nagamatsu, L. S.,Handy, T. C.,Hsu, C. L.,Voss, M.,Liu-Ambrose, T.(2012).Resistance training promotes cognitive and functional brain plasticity in seniors with probable mild cognitive impairment.Archives of Internal Medicine,172(8),666-668.
55. Nanda, B.,Balde, J.,Manjunatha, S.(2013).The acute effects of a single bout of moderate-intensity aerobic exercise on cognitive functions in healthy adult males.Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research,7(9),1883-1885.
56. Netz, Y.,Argov, E.,Inbar, O.(2009).Fitness’s moderation of the facilitative effect of acute exercise on cognitive flexibility in older women.Journal of Aging and Physical Activity,17(2),154-166.
57. Peruyero, F.,Zapata, J.,Pastor, D.,Cervelló, E.(2017).The acute effects of exercise intensity on inhibitory cognitive control in adolescents.Frontiers in Psychology,8(921),1-7.
58. Ploughman, M.(2008).Exercise is brain food: The effects of physical activity on cognitive function.Developmental Neurorehabilitation,11(3),236-240.
59. Pontifex, M. B.,Hillman, C. H.,Fernhall, B. O.,Thompson, K. M.,Valentini, T. A.(2009).The effect of acute aerobic and resistance exercise on working memory.Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise,41(4),927-934.
60. Smith, P. J.,Blumenthal, J. A.,Hoffman, B. M.,Cooper, H.,Strauman, T. A.,Welsh-Bohmer, K.,Sherwood, A.(2010).Aerobic exercise and neurocognitive performance: A meta-analytic review of randomized controlled trials.Psychosomatic Medicine,72(3),239-252.
61. Stern, Y.,MacKay-Brandt, A.,Lee, S.,McKinley, P.,McIntyre, K.,Razlighi, Q.,Sloan, R. P.(2019).Effect of aerobic exercise on cognition in younger adults: A randomized clinical trial.Neurology,92(9),1-12.
62. Szuhany, K. L.,Bugatti, M.,Otto, M. W.(2015).A meta-analytic review of the effects of exercise on brain-derived neurotrophic factor.Journal of Psychiatric Research,60,56-64.
63. Tamura, M.,Nemoto, K.,Kawaguchi, A.,Kato, M.,Arai, T.,Kakuma,Mizukami, K.,Asada, T.(2014).Long term mild intensity exercise regimen preserves prefrontal cortical volume against aging.International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry,30(7),686-694.
64. Tsai, C. L.,Chen, F. C.,Pan, C. Y.,Wang, C. H.,Huang, T. H.,Chen, T. C.(2014).Impact of acute aerobic exercise and cardiorespiratory fitness on visuospatial attention performance and serum BDNF levels.Psychoneuroendocrinology,41,121-131.
65. Tsai, C. L.,Pan, C. Y.,Chen, F. C.,Tseng, Y. T.(2017).Open-and closed-skill exercise interventions produce different neurocognitive effects on executive functions in the elderly: A 6-month randomized, controlled trial.Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience,9(294),1-16.
66. Tsai, C. L.,Pan, C. Y.,Chen, F. C.,Wang, C. H.,Chou, F. Y.(2016).Effects of acute aerobic exercise on a task­switching protocol and brain-derived neurotrophic factor concentrations in young adults with different levels of cardiorespiratory fitness.Experimental Physiology,101(7),836-850.
67. Tsai, C. L.,Wang, C. H.,Pan, C. Y.,Chen, F. C.(2015).The effects of long-term resistance exercise on the relationship between neurocognitive performance and GH, IGF-1, and homocysteine levels in the elderly.Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience,9(23),1-12.
68. Tsai, C. L.,Wang, C. H.,Pan, C. Y.,Chen, F. C.,Huang, T. H.,Chou, F. Y.(2014).Executive function and endocrinological responses to acute resistance exercise.Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience,8(262),1-12.
69. Van der Niet, A. G.,Smith, J.,Oosterlaan, J.,Scherder, E. J. A.,Hartman, E.,Visscher, C.(2016).Effects of a cognitively demanding aerobic intervention during recess on children’s physical fitness and executive functioning.Pediatric Exercise Science,28(1),64-70.
70. Voelcker-Rehage, C.,Godde, B.,Staudinger, U. M.(2011).Cardiovascular and coordination training differentially improve cognitive performance and neural processing in older adults.Frontiers in Human Neuroscience,5(26),1-12.
71. Walsh, J. J.,Tschakovsky, M. E.(2018).Exercise and circulating BDNF: Mechanisms of release and implications for the design of exercise interventions.Applied Physiology Nutrition and Metabolism,43(11),1095-1104.
72. Williams, R. A.,Hatch, L.,Cooper, S. B.(2019).A review of factors affecting the acute exercise-cognition relationship in children and adolescents.Integrative and Complementary Medicine,4(3),1-24.
73. Xue, Y.,Yang, Y.,Huang, T.(2019).Effects of chronic exercise interventions on executive function among children and adolescents: A systematic review with meta-analysis.British Journal of Sports Medicine,1-9.

1. 蔡璋逸,李瑞鴻,王俊智(2022)。急性阻力健身運動與抑制控制：強度與訓練量之觀點。中華體育季刊，36(3)，291-299。
2. 黃長發,賀湘邦,李貞(2022)。大學運動社團的參與動機與建立運動習慣之相關研究。運動與遊憩研究，16(4)，39-50。
3. 劉宸碩,楊高騰,楊子瑜,粘瑞狄,張育愷,吳治翰(2021)。以身體活動中斷靜態行為對認知功能之影響：系統性回顧。臺灣運動心理學報，21(3)，43-63。
4. 薛名淳,廖邕,洪義筌,林倩宇(2023)。臺灣規律運動比率之趨勢變化：轉折點迴歸分析（2007-2022年）。體育學報，56(4)，441-454。
5. 鄭麗蘭,楊坤瑜,陳依靈,許原慈(2023)。營養補充及肌力訓練對高齡者認知功能之探討。休閒運動健康評論，12(1)，61-70。