鋰離子電池驅動之電動設備潛在熱危害評估

Evaluation of Thermal Hazard for Lithium-Ion Batteries in Electrical Equipments

10.7005/JOSH.201209.0372

朱璨雍(Can-Yong Jhu)；王義文(Yih-Wen Wang)；溫家元(Chia-Yuan Wen)；徐啟銘(Chi-Min Shu)

鋰離子電池 ； 電動設備 ； 熱危害 ； 緊急排放處理儀（VSP2） ； 熱爆炸 ； Lithium-ion batteries ； Electrical equipments ； Vent sizing package 2 (VSP2) ； Thermal hazard characteristics ； Thermal explosion

勞工安全衛生研究季刊

20卷3期（2012 / 09 / 01）

372 - 382

繁體中文

鋰離子電池（Lithium-ion Battery）使用於工業上之電動手工具（Power Tools）、堆高機與電動車等設備之儲能系統日益普及，而儀器於操作使用過程中可能因大功率輸出而造成鋰離子電池暴露於高溫的操作環境，在無法有效移除熱量下，電動設備內部之鋰離子電池可能因熱失控（Thermal Runaway）發生燃燒甚至爆炸，如此造成操作之勞工可能暴露於潛在熱危害之中。本研究主要運用絕熱卡計之熱危害分析儀器－緊急排放處理儀（Vent Sizing Package 2, VSP2）針對電動設備廣泛使用之18650鋰離子電池進行失控反應之危害探討，觀察及比較其絕熱狀態下自放熱性之熱失控行為。本研究選擇普遍使用之四大商用鋰離子電池（Sony、Sanyo、Samsung及LG），主要以飽電4.2 V進行實驗，探討鋰離子電池暴露於高溫之操作環境下且超過其內部材料之穩定溫度時而產生自放熱的行為及熱累積效應導致電池發生熱爆炸的現象，從實驗獲取熱動力學參數，並推估熱失控的關鍵反應熱力學數據包括：放熱起始溫度（T0）、昇溫速率（dT/dt）、昇壓速率（dP/dt）、反應熱與絕熱溫昇（ΔT）等。由VSP2結果可知鋰離子電池會在130℃左右發生自放熱反應，飽電鋰離子電池熱爆炸之昇溫速率及昇壓速率非常急速，昇溫速率高達10,000℃/min以上，而昇壓速率亦超過10,000 psig/min，實際失控反應時間約僅數秒鐘，最高溫度更達600℃以上，因此當鋰離子電池為高能量狀態下其危害程度相當嚴重。相信本研究之結果將有助於鋰離子電池電動設備的安全使用及管理。

Lithium-ion batteries are broadly applied for the electrical equipments, such as power tools, electric-powered forklifts, and electrical vehicles. They expose at the high temperature environment as operation could cause thermal reuse for Li-ion battery. Therefore, the overheat for Li-ion battery pack could result in fire, explosion or burst. Furthermore, the operators could be hurt in the potential thermal hazard for battery runaway reaction.The purpose of this study was to classify the self-heat reaction of thermal runaway at adiabatic conditions for 18650 lithium-ion batteries by using vent sizing package 2 (VSP2). The commercial 18650 lithium-ion batteries for four worldwide battery manufacturers including Sony, Sanyo, Samsung and LG were selected. The voltate were charged to 4.2 V for VSP2 experiments with a customized stainless steel test can to evaluate their thermal hazard characteristics, such as onset temperature (T0), self-heating rate (dT/dt), pressure rise rate (dP/dt), adiabatic temperature rise (ΔTad), maximum temperature (Tmax) and pressure (Pmax). The results displayed that self-heat reaction of the charged batteries were exothermic at about 130°C. In addition, the dT/dt and dP/dt were measured to be over 10,000°C/min and 10,000 psi/min, respectively, and the maximum temperature was over 600°C. This study proved that hazardous ranking of Li-ion batteries that high state of charge level had thermal explosion risk. The calorimeters could be applied in electrical equipments for safe use and management.

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