沉默大眾的歷史：Lynn White與歐洲中世紀農民生活史的建構

The History of the Silent Majority: Lynn White and the Discourse on the Peasants' Life in Medieval Europe

10.29457/SJH.200606.0007

李聖光(Sheng-Kuang Lee)

沉默大眾 ； 歐洲中世紀 ； 農民生活 ； 羅德烈伯 ； 農業技術 ； 黑死病 ； 金茲柏格 ； 心態史 ； 懺悔指南手冊 ； The Silent Majority ； Medieval Europe ； Lynn White ； The Life of the Peasants ； Ruodlieb ； Agricultural Technology ； The Black Death ； Georges Duby ； Carlo Ginzburg ； The History of Mentalities ； Penitentials

東吳歷史學報

15期（2006 / 06 / 01）

173 - 206

繁體中文

傳統史學經常忽略平民大眾的歷史，因此本文分別用三個例證或零星個案來探討研究歐洲中世紀的史學家，例如Marc Bloch、Georges Duby、Carlo Ginzburg、Robert Lopez、以及Lynn White等學者，如何運用殘佚的史料且跳脫其侷限，並藉由新文化史的理論，來建構、拼貼和詮釋沉默大眾的生活和歷史；尤其是Lynn White從農業技術革新、社會變遷、以及心態、情感和宗教信仰之間的互動之微觀，鋪陳出歐洲從中世紀過渡到近代之前歷史發展的宏觀，來了解農民在生活型態上根本的轉變及其影響。

Historians have often neglected the history of the silent majority or the marginal groups in the past due to the dearth of evidence or scattered documents. As such, the article is intended to explore by means of three case studies as well as the theory of new cultural history the life of the peasants in medieval Europe. It is mainly through the deep-rooted study of the interactions among the factors such as the innovation of the agricultural technology and its impact upon the way the peasants lived, social changes, and the shape of Christian beliefs upon the outlook among the medieval peasant population by Lynn White that we can have a good grasp of the transformation of the pattern of life among the peasants from medieval Europe to early modern period.

1. The Early Growth of the European Economy.
2. Medieval Religion and Technology, Collected Essays.
3. (1962).American Journal of Sociology,68(396)
4. (1967).Land and Work in Medieval Europe.London:
5. Medieval Religion and Technology.
6. Dictionary of the Middle Ages.
7. (1967).Land and Work in Medieval Europe.
8. The Iconography of Temperantia and the Virtuousness of Technology.181-204.
9. Dictionary of the Middle Ages.
10. 以馬匹為動力的發現。
11. Medieval Religion and Technology, Collected Essays.
12. Medieval Religion and Technology Collected Essays,xviii-xx.
13. Albert C. Leighton,David,Charles(1972).Transport and Communication in Early Medieval Europe, A. D. 500-1100.Newton Abbot.
14. Alfred A. Knopf(1985).The Bayeux Tapestry.New York:
15. B. Huppertz(1939).Räume und Schichten bäuerlicher Kulturformen in Deutschland.Bonn:
16. Brian Tierney,Sidney Painte,McGraw-Hill(1992).Western Europe in the Middle Ages.
17. C.E. Boyd.Tithes and Parishes in Medieval Italy.Ithaca,N.Y.:
18. Carlo Ginzburg,John,Anne Tedeschi(1980).The Johns Hopkins University Press.
19. Carlo Ginzburg,John,Anne Tedeschi(1980).The Cheese and the Worms: The Cosmos of a 16th-Century Miller.
20. Carlo Ginzburg,John,Anne Tedeschi(1980).The Cheese and the Worms: The Cosmos of a 16th-Century Miller.
21. Duby.The Early Growth of the European Economy,195-196.
22. É.Salin(1959).La Civilisation M érovingienne,Ⅳ.Paris:
23. Emmanuel Le Roy Ladurie.Montaillou: Village Occitan de 1294 à 1324.
24. Eric R.D Maclagan(1953).The Bayeux Tapestry.Penguin.
25. F. Balducci Pegolotti,A. Evans(ed)(1936).La Pratica della Mercatura.Cambridge.
26. F. Stenton(1957).The Bayeux Tapestry.London:
27. F.H. Dudden(1905).Gregory the Great: His Place in History and Thought.NY:
28. G. Hindley(1972).A History of Roads.NJ:P. Davies.
29. Georges Duby(1973).The Early Growth of the European Economy: Warriors and Peasants from the 7th to the 12th Century.Editions Gallimard:French-language edition.
30. Georges Duby.The Early Growth of the European Economy: Warriors and Peasants from the 7th to the 12th Century,194,15-16.
31. Georges Duby.The Early Growth of the European Economy: Warriors and Peasants from the Seventh to the Twelfth Century.
32. Georges Duby.The Early Growth of the European Economy.
33. Georges Duby.The Early Growth of the European Economy.
34. Georges Duby.The Early Grow of the European Economy: Warriors and Peasants from the Seventh to the Twelfth Century.
35. Georges Duby.The Early Growth of the European Economy: Warriors and Peasants from the Seventh to the Twelfth Century.
36. Georges Duby.The Early Growth of the European Economy.
37. Georges Duby,Arthur Goldhammer(trans.)(1980).The Three Orders: Feudal Society Imagined.University of Chicago Press.
38. Henri Pirenne(1937).Economic and Social History of Medieval Europe.A Harvest/HBJ Book.
39. Henri Pirenne(1937).Economic and Social History of Medieval Europe, A Harvest.
40. Howard B. Clarke(1978).The Early Growth of the European Economy: Warriors and Peasants from the 7th to the 12th Century.Cornell University Press.
41. J. C. Russell(1958).Late Ancient and Medieval Population.Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, XLIII,iii,42-140.
42. J. Hatcher(1986).Plague, Population and the English Economy, 1348-1530.Macmillan Education.
43. J.C. Webster(1938).The Labors of the Months in Antique and Medieval Art to the End of the Twelfth Century.Evanston:
44. J.Godfrey(1962).The Church in Anglo-Saxon England.England:Cambridge.
45. Jacques Le Goff.Time ,Work, and Culture in the Middle Ages.
46. Jacques Le Goff.Time Work, and Culture in the Middle Ages.
47. Jacques Le Goff,Arthur Goldhammer(trans.)(1980).Time, Work, and Culture in the Middle Ages.University of Chicago Press.
48. Jacques Le Goff,Arthur Goldhammer(translated).Trades and Professions as Represented in Medieval Confessors` Manuals.
49. Jacques Le Goff,Arthur Goldhammer(translated).Licit and Illicit Trades in the Medieval West.
50. Jacques Le Goff,Arthur Goldhammer(translated)(1980).Time ,Work, and Culture in the Middle Ages.University of Chicago Press.
51. Jeffrey Richards(1980).Consul of God.Boston:
52. John Baldwin(1970).Masters, Princes, and Merchants: The Social Views of Peter the Chanter and His Circle.Princeton University Press.
53. John Langdon,T. H. Aston(ed.)(1987).Landlords, Peasants and Politics in Medieval England.Cambridge University Press.
54. John,Anne Tedeschi(1983).The Night Battles: Witchcraft and Agrarian Cult in the 16th and 17th Centuries.
55. John,Anne Tedeschi(1983).The Night Battles: Witchcraft and Agrarian Cult in the 16th and 17th Centuries.
56. Lopez.The Commercial Revolution of the Middle Ages, 950-1350.
57. Lopez.The Commercial Revolution of the Middle Ages, 950-1350.
58. Lynn White.Medieval Religion and Technology Collected Essays.
59. Lynn White.Medieval Technology and Social Change.
60. Lynn White ,Jr..Medieval Technology and Social Change.
61. Lynn White Jr..Medieval Technology and Social Change,49-54.
62. Lynn White Jr..Medieval Technology and Social Change,41-57.
63. Lynn White, Jr..Medieval Technology and Social Change.
64. Lynn White, Jr.(1969).The Expansion of Technology.Oxford.
65. Lynn White, Jr.(1978).Medieval Religion and Technology, Collected Essays.The University of California Press.
66. Lynn White, Jr..Medieval Technology and Social Change.
67. Lynn White, Jr..Medieval Technology and Social Change.
68. Lynn white, Jr..Medieval Technology and Social Change.
69. Lynn White, Jr..Medieval Technology and Social Change.
70. Lynn White, Jr.(1978).Medieval Religion and Technology: Collected Essays.University of California Press:
71. Lynn White, Jr..Medieval Technology and Social Change.
72. Lynn White, Jr..Medieval Technology and Social Change.
73. Lynn White, Jr..Medieval Technology and Social Change.
74. Lynn White, Jr..Medieval Technology and Social Change.
75. Lynn White, Jr.(1964).Medieval Technology and Social Change.Oxford University Press.
76. Lynn White, Jr..Medieval Technology and Social Change.
77. Lynn White, Jr.(1964).Medieval Technotogy and Social Change.Oxford University Press:
78. Lynn White, Jr..Medieval Technology and Social Change.
79. Lynn White, Jr.(ed.),Robert S. Hoyt(1967).Ruodlieb.The University of Minnesota Press.
80. Lynn White, Jr.(ed.),Robert S. Hoyt(1967).Life and Thought in the Early Middle Ages.The University of Minnesota Press.
81. Lynn white, Jr.,Robert S. Hoyt(1957).Life and Thought in the Early Middle Ages.The University of Minnesota Press.
82. M.T. Hodgen(1939).Antiquity.
83. Marc Bloch(1967).French Rural History.London:
84. Marc Bloch.The Advent and Triumph of the Watermill.
85. Marc Bloch.The Medieval Inventions.
86. Marc Bloch(1966).French Rural History.London:
87. Martin Kennedy Foys(2003).The Bayeux Tapestry.
88. Mohammed and Charlemagne(1939).London:
89. N.E. Enkvist(1957).The Seasons of the Year: Chapters on a Motif from Beowulf to the Shepherd`s Calendar.Helsinki:
90. Norman F. Cantor(1994).The Civilization of the Middle Ages.Harper Perennial:
91. Norman Wilson(1999).History in Crisis? Recent Directions in Historiography.NJ:Prentice Hall.
92. O.J. Zimmermann(trans.)(1959).Gregory`s Dialogues.N.Y:
93. Patrick H. Hutton(1981).History and Theory: Studies in the Philosophy of History.Wesleyan University Press.
94. Peter Burke(1990).The French Historical Revolution, The Annales School, 1929-89.Blackwell Publishers.
95. Peter Burke (ed.)(1991).New Perspectives on Historical Writing.The Pennsylvania State University Press.
96. Philip Ziegler(1969).The Black Death.
97. R. C. Rudolph(1950).Han Tomb Art in Western China, Los Angeles.
98. R. Lennard(1959).Rural England, 1086-1135.Oxford.
99. Robert Sabatino Lopez(1976).The Commercial Revolution of the Middle Ages 950-1350.Cambridge.
100. Robert Sabatino Lopez(1976).The Commercial Revolution of the Middle Ages, 950-1350.Cambridge.
101. Roger Chartier,Dominick LaCapra,Steven Kaplan(eds.)(1982).Modern European Intellectual History: Reappraisals and New Perspectives.Cornell University Press.
102. Rosemary Herrox (translated and edited)(1994).The Black Death.Manchester University Press.
103. W. H. McNeill(1976).Plague and Peoples.NY:Doubleday.
104. White.The Life of the Silent Majority.
105. White.The Life of the Silent Majority.
106. White.The Life of the Silent Majority.
107. White.The Life of the Silent Majority.
108. White.The Life of the Silent Majority.
109. White.The Life of the Silent Majority.
110. White.The Life of the Silent Majority.
111. White.The Life of the Silent Majority.
112. White.The Life of the Silent Majority.
113. White.The Life of the Silent Majority.
114. White.The Life of the Silent Majority.
115. White.The Life of the Silent Majority.
116. White.The Life of the Silent Majority.
117. White.The Life of the Silent Majority.
118. White.The Life of the Silent Majority.
119. White.The Life of the Silent Majority.
120. 王晴佳、古偉瀛(2000)。後現代與歷史學。台北:巨流。
121. 江政寬譯(1997)。法國史學革命：年鑑學派，1929-89。台北麥田出版。
122. 梁其姿編譯(1989)。年鑑史學論文集。台北:遠流。
123. 梁其姿編譯(1989)。水碾的出現及其勝利。年鑑史學論文集，台北:
124. 梁其姿編譯(1989)。水碾的出現及其勝利。年鑑史學論文集，台北:
125. 許明龍譯(2001)。蒙大猶。台北麥田:
126. 楊玉齡譯(1998)。瘟疫與人。台北天下遠見。