题名

美國海軍在長江流域的武力介入與外交折衝：中美宜昌大來喜案研究（1923）

并列篇名

United States Navy's Intervention and Negotiation on Yangtze: A Case Study of Sino-American Conflict on S.S. Alice Dollar at Ichang, 1923

DOI

10.29457/SJH.201206.0003

作者

應俊豪(Chun-Hao Ying)

关键词

美國海軍 ； 大來輪船公司 ； 砲艦外交 ； 長江航行安全問題 ； 兵匪問題 ； U.S. Navy ； Robert Dollar Steamship Company ； Gunboat Diplomacy ； Navigation Security Issues on Yangtze ； Soldier-Bandit Outrages

期刊名称

東吳歷史學報

卷期/出版年月

27期（2012 / 06 / 01）

页次

99 - 147

内容语文

繁體中文
中文摘要

中美宜昌大來喜事件是一個極具歷史意義的華洋衝突案件，具體反映出長江流域內戰頻繁、社會失序，以及兵匪四處為禍的普遍現象。衝突的地點發生在美國輪船上，中國軍人登船肇事，並公然毆打、槍傷美籍船長與眷屬。停泊在附近的美國軍艦隨即派兵登船戒護，並以處理現行犯的方式，當場將肇事的中國軍人予以拘捕扣留。就衝突事件而論，中國軍人違反美國使領與海軍的禁令，私自登上美輪，並肆意逞兇傷害美國公民，不但侵害到美國的條約特權，更有損其國家尊嚴；而海軍的介入，則勢必使得此一華洋衝突案件的情況更為複雜。尤有要者，事件衝突時間點，剛好在美、英、法、日四國海軍準備合作採取行動來積極處理長江航行安全問題之後，而美國海軍長江巡邏隊指揮官正是上述列強海軍合作的主要推動者，亟思以有效手段打擊影響長江流域航行安全的各種不穩定因素。所以，原先看似單純的華洋衝突案件，立刻升格為中美間的重大外交事件，雙方為了人犯移交與審判量刑等問題，在湖北、北京等地展開了密集的交涉。又因肇事軍人乃由美國海軍逮捕並扣留在軍艦上，因此後續的外交交涉又關係到美國海軍的態度及其介入的程度。回顧近代歷史，華洋衝突案件以及列強駐華海軍相對應的作為與砲艦外交，往往是形塑當時中外關係最重要的影響因子。第一次世界大戰之後，美國在列強對華事務上漸居主導地位，中美之間衝突案件的善後處理模式，也因此具有相當重要的指標意義。特別是案件處理過程中，美國海軍介入時展現的溫和或強勢作風，非但直接影響中國人對美國的複雜情感（親美、反美），也可能對其他列強產生帶頭效應，從而在本質上改變1920年代中外關係。其次，華洋衝突的善後處置，也與外交交涉與訴訟審判密切相關，但海軍的介入卻可能實質影響到外交交涉與訴訟審判的過程與結果。換言之，美國海軍介入的層次，並不侷限於直接動用砲艦等單純武力的施展，還包括間接去主導之後的外交交涉與訴訟審判。
英文摘要

SS Alice Dollar incident, an exact reflection of civil wars, social disorder and soldier-bandit outrages along Yangtze, was an important historical event between China and US in the 1920s. Chinese soldiers bet and injured Americans on the American ship, SS Alice Dollar at Ichang. This was a humiliation to the US sovereignty and respect. American sailors from a gunboat nearby got on board the steamer immediately, arrested the Chinese soldiers in flagrante delicto, and then kept them in custody on the gunboat. US Naval intervention made this incident more complicated. Furthermore, this incident occurred just after the four naval powers, US, Great Britain, Japan and France, planned working together to deal with the navigation security problem on Yangtze. American Commander, Yangtze Patrol, as the main initiator of the naval cooperation, tried every effective way to remove unstable elements on Yangtze. Thus, a seemingly simple conflict became a serious incident, and tense diplomatic negotiations about extradition and trial between US and China followed. Due to the fact that Chinese soldiers were kept on board American gunboat, the attitude and intervention of US Navy definitely would influence the result of the matter. On modern history, Sino-foreign conflicts and gunboat diplomacy brought by the Powers used to be one of the most important factors for shaping the relationship between China and foreign countries. After World War I, US took the lead on the Powers' policies toward China. The conflict-solving strategies and patterns between the US and China would be important models. Mild or hard line that the US Navy took in the interventions and negotiations would not only arouse the Chinese people's complex feeling to Americans, but also make other Powers following in the same way. Secondly, settlement of the disputes always involved delicate diplomatic negotiations and legal trials, but US Naval intervention would make the things different. In other words, besides conducting military demonstrations, US Navy might try to work on the diplomatic and legal affairs indirectly at the same time.
主题分类 人文學 > 歷史學
参考文献
  1. 應俊豪(2009)。1920年代上半期長江上游美國海軍護航行動爭議。國立政治大學歷史學報，32，71-124。
    連結：
  2. 應俊豪(2009)。長江上游航行安全問題與美國駐華海軍的因應之道（1920-1925）。國史館館刊，20，123-172。
    連結：
  3. 應俊豪(2007)。航運、砲艦與外交—1924年中英萬縣案研究。國立政治大學歷史學報，28，287-328。
    連結：
  4. 應俊豪(2008)。抵制日輪與中日衝突—長沙案及其善後交涉（1923-1926）。東吳歷史學報，19，111-180。
    連結：
  5. 應俊豪(2009)。四國海軍因應長江上游航行安全問題採取的聯合行動（1920-25）。東吳歷史學報，22，169-224。
    連結：
  6. "Naval Protection Upper Yangtze River-China," From the Standard Oil Company of New York to the Secretary of State, August 28, 1923, Records of Department of State Relating to the Internal Affairs of China, 1910-1929 (Washington: The National Archives, 1960), 893.811/574.
  7. "Vice President of Standard Oil Company of New York to the Secretary of State, Washington," November 2, 1923, Records of Department of State Relating to the Internal Affairs of China, 1910-1929 (Washington: The National Archives, 1960), 893.00/5265.
  8. 中英李義元案相關資料，見〈英館會晤問答〉Ying guan hui wu wen da，英字24號，1924年4月18日，北京政府《外交檔案》Beijing zheng fu, Wai jiao dang an，〈各館會晤問答〉Ge guan hui wu wen da，03-11/7-7-2
  9. 〈中美和好條約（中美天津條約）〉Zhong mei he hao tiao yue(Zhong mei tian jin tiao yue)（1858年），收錄在黃月波Huang Yuepo、于能模Yu Nengmo、鮑釐人Bao Liren編，《中外條約彙編》Zhong wai tiao yue hui bian（上海Shanghai：商務印書館shang yin shuguan，1935年），頁126-129。
  10. 〈漢口電〉Han kou dian，第1張第3版
  11. "Political Conditions in Szechuan," from American Consulate, Chunking to American Minister, Peking, November 10, 1923, Records of Department of State Relating to the Internal Affairs of China, 1910-1929 (Washington: The National Archives, 1960), 893.00/5336.
  12. "The Civil War in Szechuan: The Defeated Second Army; A Renew of the Struggle," The North China Daily News, 25 September 1922.
  13. 〈宜昌大來輪船交涉近聞〉Yi chang da lai lun chuan jiao she jin wen，《益世報》Yi shi bao（天津Tianjin），1923年8月11日，第1張第3版
  14. "American Minister, Peking to the Secretary of the State, Washington," August 3, 1923, Records of Department of State Relating to the Internal Affairs of China, 1910-1929 (Washington: The National Archives, 1960), 893.811/537
  15. 顧總長會晤美舒使問答，〈美使館會晤問答〉Mei shi guan hui wu wen da，美字25號（1923年8月29日），北京政府《外交檔案》Beijing zheng fu, Wai jiao dang an，〈各館會晤問答〉Ge guan hui wu wen da，03-11/3-3-2。
  16. "American Consulate General, Shanghai to American Minister, Peking," September 27, 1921, Records of Department of State Relating to the Internal Affairs of China, 1910-1929 (Washington: The National Archives, 1960) , 893.00/4156.
  17. "The Great Threat to China Trade," The North China Daily News, 31 May 1923.
  18. 〈宜昌大來輪交涉之始末〉Yi chang da lai lun jiao she zhi shi mo，《晨報》Chen bao（北京Beijing），1923年8月26日，第5版
  19. 〈中美續約附立條款〉Zhong mei xu yue fu li tiao kuan（1880年），收錄在黃月波Huang, Yuepo、于能模Yu Nengmo、鮑釐人Bao Liren編，《中外條約彙編》Zhong wai tiao yue hui bian（上海Shanghai：商務印書館shang yin shuguan，1935年），頁132-133。
  20. "China Station General Letter, No. 191," Commander-in-Chief, China Station to the Secretary of the Admiralty, November 10, 1920, FO371/6601
  21. "Foreigner in China," June 8, 1921, MID, 2657-I-176.
  22. "R.W.P. Mills, Acting Consul, Ichang to Sir Ronald Macleay, Peking," August 13, 1923, FO 371/9194.
  23. 正華Zhen hua，〈評在華美商會聯合會決議案〉"Ping zai hua mei shang hui lian he hui jue yi an,"，《上海總商會月報》Shanghai zong shang hui yue bao，3:12（上海Shanghai），1923年12月，叢載頁12-15。
  24. "Dollar Outrage Leader to Be Tried Soon; Trial of the 'Pirate General' will be Held at Wuchang," The China Press, 22 August 1923.
  25. "Firing by Chinese Soldiers at USS Villalobos and Return therefore, Report of," from Commanding Officer, USS Villalobos to Commander in Chief, US Asiatic Fleet, September 15, 1921, Records of Department of State Relating to the Internal Affairs of China, 1910-1929 (Washington: The National Archives, 1960), 893.00/4158.
  26. "The Counselor of Legation at Peking (Bell) to the Secretary of State," December 5, 1923, Records of Department of State Relating to the Internal Affairs of China, 1910-1929 (Washington: The National Archives, 1960), 893.811/595.
  27. 〈楊子江ニ於ケル帝國ノ通商航海保護シ関シ麾下艦長ニ訓示〉"Yusukou ni okeru teikoku no tsuusyou koukai hogo si kansi kika kanchou ni kunji,"，第一遣外艦隊訓示第三號daiichi kengai kantai kunji daisank，1922年12月1日，《外務省記錄》gaimusho kiroku，5-3-2/5-1427。
  28. American Minister, Peking to Foreign Office," June 14, 1922, Records of Department of State Relating to the Internal Affairs of China, 1910-1929 (Washington: The National Archives, 1960), 893.00/4577.
  29. "Allan Archer, Acting Consul, Chunking to British Minister, Peking," July 17, 1923, FO 371/9194.
  30. "Fighting at Chunking, and Attack on SS Alice Dollar and USS Monocacy near Chunking," from American Consulate, Chunking to American Minister, Peking, August 6, 1923, Records of Department of State Relating to the Internal Affairs of China, 1910-1929 (Washington: The National Archives, 1960), 893.00/5205.
  31. "Admiral W. W. Phelps," editorial from The China Press, 7 November 1923.
  32. "W. Tornroth, Master, SS Alice Dollar to C. J. Spiker, American Consul, Chunking," August 6, 1923, Records of Department of State Relating to the Internal Affairs of China, 1910-1929 (Washington: The National Archives, 1960), 893.00/5207.
  33. 〈美使館會晤問答〉，美字23號（1923年8月22日），北京政府《外交檔案》Beijing zheng fu Wai jiao dang an，〈各館會晤問答〉Ge guan hui wu wen da, 03-11/3-3-2。
  34. 〈美國商會聯合會決議錄〉（1923年10月22日）Mei guo shang hui lian he hui jue yi lu，《上海總商會月報》Shang hai zong shang hui yue bao，3:11（上海Shanghai），1923年11月，附載頁1-3。
  35. 〈漢口電〉Han kou dian，《益世報》Yi shi bao（天津Tianjin），1923年8月5日，第1張第2版。
  36. "American Legation's Quarterly Political Report for the Quarter Ended September 1921," from American Minister, Peking to the Secretary of State, Washington, January 26, 1922, Records of Department of State Relating to the Internal Affairs of China, 1910-1929 (Washington: The National Archives, 1960), 893.00/4240
  37. "Letter from Rear Admiral W.W. Phelps to the Senior Japanese, British and French Naval Commanders on the Yangtze," December 3, 1922, Records of Department of State Relating to the Internal Affairs of China, 1910-1929 (Washington: The National Archives, 1960), 893.811/513
  38. 〈宜昌大來輪交涉之始末〉Yi chang da lai lun jiao she zhi shi mo，《晨報》Chen bao（北京Beijing），1923年8月26日，第5版。
  39. 顧總長會晤美舒使問答，〈美使館會晤問答〉Mei shi guan hui wu wen da，美字23號（1923年8月22日），北京政府《外交檔案》Beijing zheng fu, Wai jiao dang an，〈各館會晤問答〉Ge guan hui wu wen da，03-11/3-3-2。
  40. "Mr. Heintzlemen, American Consul General, Hankow to Mr Chen Chieh, Commissioner of Foreign Affairs, Hankow," November 2 & 16, 1923, Records of Department of State Relating to the Internal Affairs of China, 1910-1929 (Washington: The National Archives, 1960), 893.811/595
  41. "The Vice Consul in Charge at Chungking (Bucknell) to the Secretary of State," November 12, 1921, FRUS, 1921, Vol. I, p. 532.
  42. 〈劉桂清案判決後之美領抗議〉Liu gui qing an pan jue hou zhi mei ling kang yi，《申報》Shen ba（上海Shanghai），1923年8月31日，第3張。
  43. "G. W. Grum, Master of S.S. Alice Dollar, Chunking to American Consul, Chunking," September 1, 1922, Records of Department of State Relating to the Internal Affairs of China, 1910-1929 (Washington: The National Archives, 1960), 893.00/4707.
  44. "Political Conditions in Szechuan," from American Consulate, Chunking to American Minister, Peking, August 11, 1922, Records of Department of State Relating to the Internal Affairs of China, 1910-1929 (Washington: The National Archives, 1960), 893.00/4677
  45. "Ronald Macleay, British Minister, Peking to Marquess Curzon of Kedleston, Foreign Office, London," August 28, 1923, FO 371/9194.
  46. "Shooting Affray aboard the American S.S. Alice Dollar at Ichang," Minutes of Foreign Office, October 1923, FO 371/9194.
  47. 〈中英天津條約五十六款附照會〉Zhong ying tian jin tiao yue wu shi liu kuan fu zhao hui，1958年，收錄在黃月波Huang Yuepo、于能模Yu nengmo、鮑釐人Bao liren編，《中外條約彙編》Zhong wai tiao yue hui bian（上海Shanghai：商務印書館shang yin shuguan，1935 年）
  48. (2006)。中美往來照會集（1846-1931）。桂林=Guilin:廣西師範大學出版社=guang xi shi fan da xiao chu ban she。
  49. "A Treaty between All Nine Powers Relating to Principles and Policies to Be Followed in Matters Concerning China," U.S. Naval War College, International Law Documents: Conference on the Limitation of Armament with Notes and Index, 1921. Washington: Government Printing Office, 1923, pp.342-351.
  50. "Chinese Soldiers Seize U.S. Ship, Wound Captain and 3 Foreign Women; American Marines to Rescue, Capture and Hold General and A Civil Official," The China Press, 3 August 1923.
  51. 〈國會議員電英政府：要求撤回駐華公使、帝國主義公使不足代表工黨精神〉Guo hui yi yuan dian ying zheng fu: yao qiu che hui zhu hua gong shi, di guo zhu yi gong shi bu ju dai biao gong dang jing shen，《晨報Chen bao》（北京Beijing），1924年4月25日，第2版。
  52. "Commander, Yangtze Patrol Force to Mr. Heintzlemen, American Consul General, Hankow," October 28, 1923, Records of Department of State Relating to the Internal Affairs of China, 1910-1929 (Washington: The National Archives, 1960), 893.811/595.
  53. "The 'Strong' Yangtsze Policy Bring Peace," The China Weekly Review, 23 August 1924.
  54. （清）Qing修訂法律大臣鑑定xiu ding fa lu: da chen jian ding，《美國刑律》Mei guo xing lyu，收錄在北京政府《外交檔案》Beijing zheng fu, Wai jiao dang an，〈使比館：各國刑律、美國刑律〉shi bi guan: ge guo xing lyu, mei guo xing lyu，03-11/40-41-1。
  55. "Memorandum from Commander Geography Gerlett of HMS Widgeon to American Consul, Chunking," August 1922, Records of Department of State Relating to the Internal Affairs of China, 1910-1929 (Washington: The National Archives, 1960), 893.00/4694
  56. "Protection of American Property and Life on the Upper Yangtze," from American Consulate General to American Charge d'Affaires, June 22, 1921, Records of Department of State Relating to the Internal Affairs of China, 1910-1929 (Washington: The National Archives, 1960), 893.00/3986.
  57. "Recent Brigand Activities along the Upper Yangtze River," from American Consulate, Chunking to American Charge d'Affaires ad interim, March, 22 1920, Department of State, Records of Department of State Relating to the Internal Affairs of China, 1910-1929 (Washington: The National Archives, 1960) (hereafter referred to as RIAC), 893.00/3361.
  58. "Policy-Yangtze Patrol," from the Commander in Chief of the Asiatic Fleet (Strauss) to the Commander of the Yangtze Patrol (Wood), July 3, 1921, Records of Department of State Relating to the Internal Affairs of China, 1910-1929 (Washington: The National Archives, 1960) (hereafter referred to as RIAC), 89300/4021.
  59. "W.W. Phelps, Commander, Yangtze Patrol Force to General Wang Ju-Chin," August 6, 1923, Records of Department of State Relating to the Internal Affairs of China, 1910-1929 (Washington: The National Archives, 1960), 893.00/5210.
  60. "Attack on SS Alice Dollar at Foochow," from American Consulate, Chunking to the Secretary of State , Washington, August 14, 1923, Records of Department of State Relating to the Internal Affairs of China, 1910-1929 (Washington: The National Archives, 1960), 893.00/5207
  61. "Carrying of Soldiers," from master of SS Robert Dollar II to American Consul, Chunking, September 8, 1923, Records of Department of State Relating to the Internal Affairs of China, 1910-1929 (Washington: The National Archives, 1960), 893.00/5288.
  62. "Drastic American Naval Policy on the Upper Yangtze: Admiral Phelps Will Afford Ships the Protection That China Will Not Give," The North China Herald, September 1, 1923.
  63. "Political Events in Szechuan Province," from American Consulate, Chunking to the Secretary of State, June 1, 1920, Records of Department of State Relating to the Internal Affairs of China, 1910-1929 (Washington: The National Archives, 1960), 893.00/3402.
  64. "Robert Dollar Company, Ichang to American Consul, Chunking," May 21, 1920 Records of Department of State Relating to the Internal Affairs of China, 1910-1929 (Washington: The National Archives, 1960), 893.00/3402.
  65. 〈美使館會晤問答〉，美字25號（1923年8月29日），北京政府《外交檔案》Beijing zheng fu Wai jiao dang an，〈各館會晤問答〉Ge guan hui wu wen da, 03-11/3-3-2。
  66. 公私合營民生輪船公司Gong si he ying min sheng lun chuan gong si匯編，《川江航運發展史參考資料》Chuan jiang hang yun fa zhan shi can kao zi liao，油印本，頁4。
  67. "Firing on Ship, Subsequent Damage", form Master of S.S. Mei Tan, O. B. Morvik, Ichang to Marine Superintendent, Shanghai, September 20, 1923, Records of Department of State Relating to the Internal Affairs of China, 1910-1929 (Washington: The National Archives, 1960), 893.00/5336.
  68. "Alice Dollar's Outrage Caused by rum Crazed Militarist: Civil Official Had Accepted Turndown of Request for Whole Cabin Good-naturedly, But General's Aide Wanted A Fight and Got It," The China Press, 12 August 1923
  69. "Memorandum of Senior Naval Officers in Command of the Naval Forces of Japan, Great Britain, the United States and France Operating on the Yangtze River," February 19, 1923, Records of Department of State Relating to the Internal Affairs of China, 1910-1929 (Washington: The National Archives, 1960), 893.811/512.
  70. 〈美領不滿大來案：已致函鄂當局抗議〉Mei ling bu man da lai an: yi zhi han er dang ju kang yi，《晨報》Chen bao（北京Beijing），1923年8月30日，第3版
  71. "Commander, Yangtze Patrol Force to Commander-in-Chief, Asiatic Fleet," September 24, 1922, Records of Department of State Relating to the Internal Affairs of China, 1910-1929 (Washington: The National Archives, 1960) , 893.811/479.
  72. "USS Palos to American Minister, Peking," May 12, 1922
  73. "Sir R. Macleay to the Marquess Curzon of Kedleston," August 15, 1923, FO 371/9194.
  74. 〈懲戒美兵茲事之廳令〉Cheng jie mei bing zi shi zhi ting ling，《益世報》Yi shi bao（天津Tianjin），1923年8月11日第3張，第10版。
  75. "Chinese Outrages: Fight on Board U.S. Steamer," The Times, 3 August 1923.
  76. 〈收江科長密呈〉（1923年11月21日）Shou jiang ke chang mi cheng，北京政府《外交檔案》Beijing zheng fu Wai jiao dang an（按：中央研究院近代史研究所藏INSTTUTE OF MODERN HISTORY, ACADEMIA SINICA），03-06/5-2-10。
  77. 《文史精華》編輯部編(1998)。近代中國大案紀實。石家莊=Shi jia zhuang:河北人民出版社=He bei ren min chu ban she。
  78. Cohen, Paul A.(2003).China Unbound.London:Routledge.
  79. Cohen, Warren I.(1990).America's Response to China.New York:Columbia University Press.
  80. Gelber, Henry G.(2001).Nations out of Empires: European Nationalism and the Transformation of Asia.New York:Palgrave.
  81. Grover, David H.(1992).American Merchant Ships on the Yangtze, 1920-1941.Westport:Praeger Publishers.
  82. 孔華潤編(2004)。劍橋美國對外關係史。北京=Beijing:新華出版社=Xin hua chu ban she。
  83. 王笛(2001)。跨出封閉的世界－長江上游區域社會研究。北京:中華書局。
  84. 江天風編(1992)。長江航運史（近代部分）。北京=Beijing:人民交通出版社=Ren min jiao tong chu ban she。
  85. 那思陸、歐陽正(2001)。中國司法制度史。臺北=Taipei:國立空中大學=National Open University。
  86. 陳隆豐(2003)。國家繼承與不平等條約。台北=Taipei:三民書局=San min shu ji。
  87. 應俊豪(2010)。外交與砲艦的迷思：1920年代前期長江上游航行安全問題與列強的因應之道。臺北=Taipei:臺灣學生書局=Taiwan xue sheng shu ju。
  88. 應俊豪(2005)。克門案與北京政府時期的中美關係。南京大學學報：哲學．人文．社會科學版，42(1)，71-80。
  89. 應俊豪(2009)。「丘八爺」與「洋大人」—國門內的北洋外交研究（1920-1925）。臺北=Taipei:國立政治大學歷史系=Department of History, National Chengchi University。
  90. 聶寶璋編、朱蔭貴編(2002)。中國近代航運史資料。北京=Beijing:中國社會科學出版社=Zhong guo she hui ke xue chu ban she。
  91. 魏斐德、王小荷譯(2002)。大門口的陌生人：1839-1861年間華南的社會動亂。北京=Beijing:中國社會科學出版社=Zhong guo she hui ke xue chu ban she。
print cancel