鬚髯的能與藝：北海道愛努族的兩性和儀式

Beards and Whiskers: On the Gender and Ritual of Ainu People in Hokkaido

謝世忠(Shih-Chung Hsieh)

愛努族 ； 祖先供養 ； 常續性認同 ； 鬚髯象徵 ； 族裔繁衍 ； Ainu People ； ancestral worship ； persistent identity ； symbol of beards ； population reproduction

民俗曲藝

182期（2013 / 12 / 01）

99 - 148

繁體中文

愛努族（Ainu）是日本北海道的原住族群，在長期同化與歧視等不利的環境中，一個堅實卻又略帶神秘感的常續性維繫族群認同的機制，存在於該族社會生活中。此一機制依筆者之見，就是環繞於祖先供養祭儀的人事物展演體系之上。自古迄今，祖先供養是一從未間斷的儀式。過去百年以上的壓制時光裡，唯一存活的文化，就是某些愛努族人家裡的該項儀式。今日，縱使諸項已然呈現半觀光屬性的名氣祭典，最終仍須有一盛大祖先供養儀式，方能顯露文化真正的遞傳之道。祖先供養祭典內涵充滿生命出現與延續的儀式過程，宗教物象與行為均極其強調男性生殖象徵，全族一起照料它，滋養它，以確保命脈不墜。愛努族男性的鬚髯傳統與宗教主要象徵之inau大小木幣所削的垂長花絮相若，女性文飾雙唇周邊代表寬擴產道一事，雖未於儀式中象徵性的對應出現，但，成年婦女細膩照顧inau短棒的營養健康，已可說明一切。大家一起使超自然神祖的長棒與現生男人的短棒，雙獲美酒補養，族群的繁養自然獲得保障。儀式中男人鬚髯的美藝樣態與強健能力，共同見證了愛努族人兩性的密切關係。愛努族群意識的遞嬗，即是仰賴百年來始終維繫着的文化行動，而不是當代零星出現的族群行動或社會行動。愛努不准拜神數十年，卻私下繼續祭祖，後者正是其族群認同維繫的根本賦與基礎。總之，愛努族人跨越三個世紀的努力，終於在均擁有長長鬚髯的人與祖共同堅持下，繼續由心頭上仍繼續造就紋臉所代表之寬暢產道精神的女性，細細地維護生命甘泉，族群命脈自然永續。

The Ainu people are an indigenous people of Hokkaido, Japan. Despite an environment disadvantaged by long-term discriminations and assimilation policies, there remains in their society a mechanism that upholds Ainu identity. The mechanism, solid and yet slightly mysterious, hinges on the circumstances surrounding their ancestral offering rituals. Ancestral worship, limited interruption for nearly 150 years, is the well-maintained living Ainu culture during the era marked by political oppressions. Nowadays, even though several popular Ainu festivities are evidently tourism-oriented, they still conclude with a grand ancestral offering rite to proclaim their heritage. The ancestral offering rites, pregnant with meanings of continuity and regeneration, demonstrate religious objects and actions that are symbol of powerful reproduction. The entire family and patri-lineal kindred care for and nurture them, ensuring the perpetuation of their traditional worldview.The important religious symbol of curly bark strings called inau on a stick reflects the Ainu men's tradition to wear long beards. Women's tattoo around their mouths represents enlargement of the birth canal. Though not publicly represented in any corresponding rituals, the women's meticulous care of the soundness of inau sticks is self-evident. When people use supposedly home-made liquor to irrigate the long ancestral inau sticks and the shorter inau sticks of living males, the reproduction and prosperity of their entire population of a particular patrilineal group is guaranteed. In the rituals, potency and artistry of men's beard attest to the intimate relationship between the two sexes of the Ainu people.The continuity of Ainu ethnicity depends on the cultural tradition maintained over uncountable years, definitely instead of the sporadic ethnic campaigns or social movements. Although the Ainu people were prohibited from worshipping their deities since the day when Japanese began to colonize Hokkaido, they continued to worship their ancestors. It is the very foundation that confirms their persistence of ethnic identity. With attentive care, such a northern people with unclear origin help to preserve the fountain of life for an everlasting ethnic lifeline in bitterly cold territory.

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