英文摘要
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Each year on the fourteenth day of the seventh lunar month, Zhuang 壯 households in the counties of Debao 德保, Jingxi 靖西 and Napo 那坡 in southwest Guangxi stage rites featuring the burning of paper clothes for the spirits of people who died normal deaths. Meanwhile, local Zhuang ritual specialists known as memoed 末婆 (female) and gemoed 末公 (male), who are the agents or mediums of deities, ancestors, and ghosts, conduct similar rites of burning paper clothes for their patriarchs and spirit soldiers. The extant literature on Zhuang ritual specialists tends to focus on initiation rites, ritual performances and analyses of ritual texts. Only a few studies pay attention to the Zhuang spirit system, and no studies exist on how Zhuang ritual specialists maintain and enhance their ritual powers, or the interactions between ritual specialists and people who participate in these rites. This paper examines rites for burning paper clothes at the household altars of ritual specialists on behalf of spirit soldiers who suffered abnormal deaths and might harm local families or entire villages. I consider how such rites on the one hand connect the living and the dead, and on the other hand ensure the continuity of local Zhuang ritual specialists and their supporters' groups. This paper also attempts to transcend C. K. Yang's dichotomy of "institutional religion" and "diffused religion" for studying Chinese religious life. Instead, I suggest that researchers may gain a better understanding of the continuity and expansion of local Zhuang religion through further investigations of the interactions between ritual actors, including the dead, the living and ritual specialists.
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