The Rise of a ＂Temple-Centric＂ Society in Putian in the Song and Later Transformations of the Ritual Sphere

以社廟為中心：宋代莆田社會儀式空間與後期的演變

丁荷生(Kenneth Dean)；鄭振滿(Zheng Zhenman)

ritual sphere ； local temples ； Buddhist monasteries ； lineages ； spirit mediums ； 儀式空間 ； 社廟 ； 佛寺 ； 祠堂 ； 神童

民俗曲藝

205期（2019 / 09 / 01）

103 - 159

英文

This essay discusses the central role of local communal temples in Putian society during the Song. The importance of Buddhist monastic estates in this period is also emphasized, as are several different paths to the establishment of lineages and ancestral halls. While the Song was a period of extraordinary achievements in Neo-Confucian studies, there were many areas of the Putian plains where this influence was not strongly felt, and where alternative sub-cultures developed around village level shentong (神童) spirit mediums and local temples. And in areas with strong lineages the inscriptional record in the temples indicates that the literati also had important roles in their home village temples, often composing inscriptions, serving on temple management boards, and contributing to restoration campaigns. Thus the scholar literati continued to play important roles in village level worship associations in addition to their ritual activities within their own lineage halls. The article reveals the complexity of the ritual sphere in Putian in the Song, while also briefly tracing some of the subsequent transformations of society and local communal religion in later periods.

本文討論宋代莆田社會以地方社廟為中心。特別突顯了佛教寺院在此時所擁有的資產的重要性，以及建立宗族及祖祠的各種不同管道。雖然宋朝是新儒家學說達到非凡成就的時代，莆田平原上還是有很多地方感受不到這一波思想上的影響，而且以神童及寺廟為中心發展出了另類的次文化。在宗族強勢存在的地區，廟宇的碑文楹聯的記錄也指出文人在他們家鄉的村廟中占有一重要的角色，通常是創作楹聯、出任寺廟董事，以及在發起重修時捐款。如此一來，文人學者在村落階層的祭祀協會以及他們自己的祖祠中的儀式活動都扮演一個重要的角色。本文揭示宋代莆田儀式場域的複雜性，也同時短暫的追溯之後的某些繼起的社會及地方共同宗教的變動。

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