英文摘要
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During the nineteenth century, Hakka of Huizhou 惠州 descent were recruited to mine tin ore in Malaysia, with tin mining concentrated in the Negeri Sembilan and Selangor regions. Due to numerous difficulties encountered during processes of migration, including harsh physical labor as well as internal quarrels plus feuding among fellow Chinese, these Hakka migrants needed spiritual support. Such circumstances led to the growth of a cult to local heroes known as Sin Si Sze Ya 仙四師爺. One notable aspect of these beliefs is that migrants did not bring them along from China; instead, they grew out of and became embedded in Malaysia's history and social development. The current Hakka belt of tin ore in West Malaysia did not exist before British colonization, but subsequently evolved into a living space of ethnic interactions. This resulted from long-term processes of regionalization (Hakka settlement, spread of religious beliefs, economic development plus interactions among different ethnic groups, urbanization, etc.) that featured a wide range of peoples (different subgroups of Hakka plus other ethnic groups) and places (hillside areas, tin mining regions, etc.). Such regionalization led to the cult of Sin Si Sze Ya expanding in various forms of localization due to the vicissitudes of history that render cultural diversity and localization processes among Hakka migrants more visible, and enable us to better comprehend social developments and ethnic relations in Malaysia. Based on historical factors such as economic development and religious localization, this study maps the relationship between religious beliefs and ethnic interactions.
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