英文摘要
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After Buddhism was transmitted to Tibet, it became localized and absorbed various religious and cultural elements. Subsequently, when Tibetan Buddhism was transmitted to different countries and regions, it again became fused with local customs and beliefs, to form diverse types of Tibetan Buddhism. The object of this research is the Intermediate-state ritual regularly held for the deceased at Nona Hwatsang Center which belongs to the rNying ma lineage, which combines Chinese Buddhist doctrines with Tibetan Buddhist methods, and incorporates the form of religious activity of Han people. Past research on the Chanting-Service Ritual focuses on discussing religious thought and hospice care. This paper discusses how the perception is dynamically constructed and destroyed during the intermediate state by "incurving" the three-time sound and images in the ritual. The distinctive part of the Intermediate-state ritual is the gurus with high authority performing religious functions through playing the dead gurus' videos. The videos are used to imitate and present the sounds and images so that they might be heard and seen during the intermediate state, as instructed by the authoritative scriptures. In addition, the lay group guides the deceased's consciousness to dynamically perceive the sounds and images from the perspective of the Threefold Contemplation for self-liberating. Furthermore, in this research, Gilles Deleuze's theoretical structure of images is adopted to discuss the individual perceptions constructed dynamically through the interaction among various elements and karma during an individual's life. However, the deceased should realize the common perception of Buddha nature, which is constructed in Buddhist doctrines and has the effect of destroying the individual perceptions, and the mind's journey to the Pure Land.
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