印尼亞齊微貸組織之文化鑲嵌對社區發展的影響

The Impact of the Cultural Embeddedness of Microfinance Organization on Community Development in Aceh, Indonesia

林沂霏(YI-FEI LIN)

微型貸款 ； 文化鑲嵌 ； 社會資本 ； 社區發展 ； Microfinance ； Embeddedness ； social capital ； community development

輔仁管理評論

28卷1期（2021 / 01 / 01）

31 - 67

繁體中文

亞齊特別行政區位於印尼蘇門答臘島西北方最頂端，當地98％人口信奉伊斯蘭教。2004年印度洋規模9.3級大地震引發災難性的南亞大海嘯重創亞齊。當地的沿海農村相較於台灣資源相當匱乏，但2005年災後重建中藉由資源的注入得以建構出微型貸款組織，並以社區為單位發展當地經濟改善當地民生生活，而其中相當成功的案例為瑪窪微貸。本研究探討該非政府組織的在當地社會網絡中的角色，並分析其運作模式、在地伊斯蘭文化的鑲嵌作用、以及如何對當地社區產生影響，使之有效協助居民重建生活。研究採質性研究方法，藉由研究者親身進入印尼亞齊的田野生活，並以瑪窪微貸為個案進行參與觀察法與訪談作為研究基礎。所搜集之資料以經濟社會學角度探究瑪窪微貸在經濟與社區中的功能，並分析當中社會資本運作的模式，以理解瑪窪微貸在伊斯蘭文化鑲嵌下的運作。研究分析發現：伊斯蘭文化的鑲嵌作用對當地的社區發展有極正向的影響，而瑪窪微貸從過去的歷史角色轉型後累積更多社會資本，同時其有系統地進行社區培力以致影響力可擴大至鄰近地區。最後根據彙整之結果，研究者也針對台灣現狀討論瑪窪微貸成功模式在台灣運作之可行性，並提出在台灣可能發生的制度問題與限制。

Aceh is located at the Northwest side of Sumatra, Indonesia. 98% of the local population are Muslim. In 2004, the magnitude 9.3 devastating earthquake in Indian Ocean caused South Asia tsunami, which severely destroyed Aceh. Although Aceh was much lacking of resources comparing the rural areas in Taiwan, the reconstructing work in Aceh enhanced the development of local microfinance organizations, and the local economy was developed on a community basis to improve the local people's livelihood since 2005. One successful example is Beng Mawah. This study aimed to explore the role of such NGO in local social network and to analyze its operational model, the embeddedness of Islamic culture in the region, as well as how it affected local communities. Qualitative research methods were adapted in this study, in which the research was based on the case study of Beng Mawah and the researcher's participation of local activities. The information and data was obtained by observation and interviews. Role of Beng Mawah in local economy and community development and the flow of social capital within local network was analyzed from perspective of economic sociology, so that the operation of Beng Mawah with Islamic culture embedded and its impact was observed. Research and analysis found that embeddedness of Islamic culture showed a very positive impact on the development of local communities, while Beng Mawah had accumulated social capital during its transformation and systematically empowered the communities to neighboring area. Finally, further discussion was carried out on the feasibility of Beng Mawah model in response to the current situation and proposed institutional restrictions that may occur in Taiwan.

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