比較學齡前自閉症兒童與正常兒童視聽覺理解及識字能力發展之研究

Comprehension and Word Recognition Skills in Young Children with Autism: A Comparative Study

10.6172/BSE200603.3001010

林初穗(Chu-Sui Lin)；張淑慧(Shu-Hui Chang)；劉文英(Wen-Ying Liu)；吳佑佑(Yo-Yo Wu)；蔡育秀(Yu-Shiow Tsai)；郭邦彥(Ban-Yen Kuo)；顏詩尹(Shih-Ing Yang)

自閉症 ； 語言理解 ； 識字 ； 訊息處理 ； autism ； comprehension ； word recognition ； rate of development ； hyperlexia

特殊教育研究學刊

30期（2006 / 03 / 01）

203 - 216

繁體中文

本研究旨在探討4-6歲自閉症兒童與正常兒童在視聽覺理解或識字發展是否有顯著不同。本研究工具以已研發的一套電腦化語言理解及識字的評估工具為主，此評估工具包含六個分測驗，分別是「認字」、「破音字」、「視覺詞彙理解」、「聽覺詞彙理解」、「視覺句子／短文理解」、「聽覺句子／短文理解」。本研究更以畢保德圖畫詞彙測驗(PPVT)為控制變項，比較自閉症組兒童(n=35)與相配對正常組兒童在此評估工具表現上的差異。本研究的結果發現，不管是以整體或分年齡組而言，自閉症組兒童在「識字」及「破音字」分測驗表現明顯優於正常組兒童，而正常組兒童在「聽覺句子／短文理解」分測驗表現明顯優於自閉症組，並且「聽覺句子／短文理解」為最能區分自閉症兒童與正常兒童的分測驗，使用此評估工具可正確區分自閉症兒童比率高達91.4%。本研究也更進一步分年齡層組（即4、5、6歲）來分析自閉症兒童與正常組兒童在視聽覺理解發展上的差異，其結果發現，正常組兒童在「聽覺理解」分測驗的表現皆優於「視覺理解」分測驗，而自閉症兒童在「聽覺理解」分測驗或「視覺理解」分測驗的表現上皆無顯著差異。針對此研究成果，本研究最後並對後續的評量、教學及未來研究提出相關建議。

This study investigated the developmental differences in comprehension and word recognition skills between young children with autism and normally developing children. Thirty-five children with autism and 300 normal children (aged 4-6) participated in this study. A computerized comprehension and word recognition assessment tool consisting of six subtests was used to compare the differences between these two groups. The results revealed that there were significant differences between normally developing children and children with autism in word recognition and auditory comprehension skills. Discriminant analysis also showed that this assessment tool can identify children with autism accurately up to 91.4°o of the time. The results were further analyzed in different age groups (i.e., 4, 5, 6). The results indicated that although normal children have superior word recognition skills from early on (age 4), the differences between normal and autistic children with regard to these skills gradually diminish as the children get older (age 5 & 6). The results of this study have some important implications for parents, and for professionals working with young children with autism.

1. DeMyer, M. K.(1975).The nature of neuropsychological disability in autistic children.Journal of Autism and Childhood Schizophrenia,5,109-128.
2. Dennis, M.,Lockyer, L.,Lazenby, A. L.,Donnelly, R. E.,Wilkinson, M.,Schoonheyt, W.(1999).Intelligence patterns among children with high-functioning autism, Phenylketonuria, and childhood head injury.Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders,29(1),5-17.
3. Frith, U.(1989).Autism: Explaining the enigma.Oxford:Basil Blackwell.
4. Goldberg, T. E.,Rothermel, R. D.(1984).Hyperlexic children reading.Brain,107,759-785.
5. Happ`e F.(1996).Central coherence and theory of mind in autism: reading homographs in context.British Journal of Developmental Psychology,15,1-12.
6. Happ`e, F.,Frith, U.(1996).The neuropsychology of autism.Brain,119,1377-1400.
7. Happ`e. F.(1994).Wechsler IQ profile and theory of mind in autism: A research note.Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry,35(8),1461-1471.
8. Healy, J. M.,Aram, D. M.,Horowitz, S. J.,Kessler, J. W.(1982).A study of hyperlexia.Brain and Language,17,1-23.
9. Huttenlocher, P.,Huttenlocher, J.(1973).A study of children with hyperlexia.Neurology,23,1107-1116.
10. Lincoln, A. M.,Allen, M. H.,Kilman, A.,E. Schopler,G. B. Mesibov (Eds.)(1995).Learning and cognition in autism.New York & London:Plenum Press.
11. Lockyer, L.,Rutter, M.(1970).A five to fifteen year follow-up study of infantile psychosis: IV patterns of cognitive ability.British Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology,9,152-163.
12. Lovaas, O. I.,Schreibman, L.,Kogel, R.,Rehm, R.(1971).Selective responding by autistic children to autistic children to multiple sensory input.Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis,6,131-166.
13. Prior, M. R.(1979).Cognitive abilities and disabilities in infantile autism: A review.Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology,7,357-380.
14. Shah, A.,Frith, U.(1993).Why do autistic individuals show superior performance on the Block Design task?.Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry,34,1351-1364.
15. Siegel, D. M.,Minshew, N. J.,Goldstein, G.(1996).Wechsler IQ profiles in diagnosis of high-functioning autism.Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders,26(4),389-406.
16. Silberberg, N. E.,Silberberg, M. C.(1967).Hyperlexia: Specific word recognition skills in young children.Exceptional Children,34,41-42.
17. Snowling, M.,Frith, U.(1986).Comprehension in "hyperlexic" readers.Journal of Experiemental Child Psychology,42,392-415.
18. Welsh, M. C.,Pennington, B. F.,Rogers, S.(1987).Word recognition and comprehension skills in hyperlexic children.Brain and Language,32,76-96.
19. Whihtehouse, D.,Harris, J. C.(1984).Hyperlexia in infantile autism.Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders,14(3),281-289.
20. Wing, L.(1974).Autistic children.Secaucus, NJ:Citadel.
21. 胡心慈(2004)。自閉症兒童的智能評量。特殊教育研究學刊，26，153-175。
22. 陳心怡、張正芬、楊宗仁(2004)。自閉症兒童的WISC-Ⅲ智能組型研究。特殊教育研究學刊，26，127-151。
23. 陸莉、劉鴻香(1994)。畢保德圖畫詞彙測驗。台北:心理。

1. 姜忠信(2008)。台灣的自閉症研究：過去、現在與未來。應用心理研究，40，165-196。