题名

團隊層次轉換型領導與調適性銷售行為之跨層次分析:心理資本與團隊凝聚力中介角色

并列篇名

A Multilevel Examination on Team-Level Transformational Leadership and Adaptive Selling Behavior: The Mediating Role of Psychological Capital and Team Cohesion

DOI

10.6147/JHRM.2014.1403.01

作者

陳淑玲(Shu-Ling Chen);陳威達(Wei-Dar Chen)

关键词

轉換型領導 ; 心理資本 ; 團隊凝聚力 ; 調適性銷售行為 ; transformational leadership ; psychological capital ; team cohesion ; adaptive selling behavior

期刊名称

人力資源管理學報

卷期/出版年月

14卷3期(2014 / 09 / 01)

页次

1 - 24

内容语文

繁體中文

中文摘要

本研究以跨層次觀點,探討團隊層次轉換型領導對調適性銷售行為的影響,並提出個體層次心理資本與團隊層次凝聚力,為連結團隊層次轉換型領導與調適性銷售行為中介機制。本研究以36個壽險業務團隊(334位銷售業務人員)為研究樣本,研究結果發現,團隊層次轉換型領導與銷售人員調適性銷售行為呈正相關;團隊層次轉換型領導會透過影響追隨者心理資本,進而影響其調適性銷售行為;最後,團隊層次轉換型領導有助於提升團隊凝聚力;團隊凝聚力也會正向影響追隨者調適性銷售行為。根據本研究結果,我們提出討論、實務意涵與未來研究建議。

英文摘要

This study examined how transformational leadership (TFL) influences adaptive selling behavior by both psychological capital (at the individual-level) and team cohesion (at the team-level). This multilevel study includes 334 individual members from 36 teams. Hierarchical Linear Modeling revealed that teamlevel TFL was positively related to follower adaptive selling behavior, with this relationship mediated by follower psychology capital. Furthermore, team-level TFL was positively associated with team cohesion, and team cohesion further enhanced follower adaptive selling behavior. We discuss implications of these findings, limitations, and directions for future research.

主题分类 社會科學 > 心理學
社會科學 > 社會學
社會科學 > 經濟學
社會科學 > 管理學
社會科學 > 法律學
参考文献
  1. 彭台光、高月慈、林鉦棽(2006)。管理研究中的共同方法變異:問題本質、影響、測試和補救。管理學報,23(1),77-98。
    連結:
  2. Anderson, J. C.,Gerbing, D. W.(1988).Structural equation modeling in practice: A review and recommended two-step approach.Psychological Bulletin,103,411-423.
  3. Armstrong, J. S.,Overton, T. S.(1977).Estimating nonresponse bias in mail surveys.Journal of Marketing Research,14,396-402.
  4. Arnold, T. J.,Palmatier, R. W.,Grewal, D.,Sharma, A.(2009).Understanding retail managers' role in the sales of products and services.Journal of Retailing,85,129-144.
  5. Ashford, S. J.,Tsui, A. S.(1991).Self-regulation for managerial effectiveness: The role of active feedback seeking.Academy of Management Journal,34,251-280.
  6. Avey, J. B.,Luthans, F.,Youssef, C. M.(2010).The additive value of positive psychological capital in predicting work attitudes and behaviors.Journal of Management,36,430-452.
  7. Avolio, B. J.(1999).Full leadership development: Building the vital forces in organizations.Thousand Oaks, CA:Sage.
  8. Bagozzi, R. P.,Yi, Y.(1988).On the evaluation of structural equation models.Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science,16,74-94.
  9. Bandura, A.(1997).Self-efficacy: The exercise of control.New York:W. H. Freeman.
  10. Bandura, A.(1986).Social foundations of thought and action: A social cognitive theory.Englewood Cliffs, NJ:Prentice-Hall.
  11. Barling, J.,Weber, T.,Kelloway, E. K.(1996).Effects of transformational leadership training on attitudinal and financial outcomes: A field experiment.Journal of Applied Psychology,81,827-832.
  12. Bass, B. M.(1990).Bass and Stogdill's handbook of leadership: Theory, research and managerial applications.New York:Free.
  13. Bass, B. M.(1997).Does the transactional-transformational leadership paradigm transcend organizational and national boundaries?.American Psychologist,52,130-139.
  14. Bass, B. M.(1985).Leadership and performance beyond expectations.New York:Free.
  15. Bass, B. M.,Avolio, B. J.(1990).Transformational leadership development: Manual for the multifactor leadership questionnaire.Palo Alto, CA:Consulting Psychologists.
  16. Bass, B. M.,Avolio, B. J.(1994).Improving organizational effectiveness through transformational leadership.Thousand Oaks, CA:Sage.
  17. Bass, B. M.,Jung, D. I.,Avolio, B. J.,Berson, Y.(2003).Predicting unit performance by assessing transformational and transactional leadership.Journal of Applied Psychology,88,207-218.
  18. Brewer, M. B.,Kramer, R. M.(1986).Choice behavior in social dilemmas: Effects of social identity, group size, and decision framing.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,50,543-549.
  19. Brown, S. P.,Peterson, R. A.(1993).Antecedents and consequences of salesperson job satisfaction: Meta-analysis and assessment of causal effects.Journal of Marketing Research,30,63-77.
  20. Bryk, A. S.,Raudenbush, S. W.(1992).Hierarchical linear models: Applications and data analysis methods.Newbury Park, CA:Sage.
  21. Chan, D.(1998).Functional relations among constructs in the same content domain at different levels of analysis: A typology of composition models.Journal of Applied Psychology,83,234-246.
  22. Chen, G.,Kirkman, B. L.,Kanfer, R.,Allen, D.,Rosen, B.(2007).A multilevel study of leadership, empowerment, and performance in teams.Journal of Applied Psychology,92,331-346.
  23. Cohen, S. G.,Bailey, D. E.(1997).What makes teams work: Group effectiveness research from the shop floor to the executive suite.Journal of Management,23,239-290.
  24. Colbert, A. E.,Kristof-Brown, A. L.,Bradley, B. H.,Barrick, M. R.(2008).CEO transformational leadership: The role of goal importance congruence in top management teams.Academy of Management Journal,51,81-96.
  25. Cortina, J. M.,Chen, G.,Dunlap, W. P.(2001).Testing interaction effects in LISREL: Examination and illustration of available procedures.Organizational Research Methods,4,324-360.
  26. Day, D. V.(2000).Leadership development: A review in context.The Leadership Quarterly,11,581-613.
  27. Dionne, S. D.,Yammarino, F. J.,Atwater, L. E.,Spangler, W. D.(2004).Transformational leadership and team performance.Journal of Organizational Change Management,17,177-193.
  28. Duckett, H.,Macfarlane, E.(2003).Emotional intelligence and transformational leadership in retailing.Leadership & Organization Development Journal,24,309-317.
  29. Dunnette, M. D.(Ed.),Hough, L. M.(Ed.)(1990).Handbook of industrial and organizational psychology.Palo Alto, CA:Consulting Psychologists.
  30. Dunnette, M. D.(Ed.),Hough, L. M.(Ed.)(1992).Handbook of industrial and organizational psychology.Palo Alto, CA:Consulting Psychologists.
  31. Dvir, T.,Shamir, B.(2003).Follower developmental characteristics as predicting transformational leadership: A longitudinal field study.The Leadership Quarterly,14,327-344.
  32. Edmondson, A.(1999).Psychological safety and learning behavior in work teams.Administrative Science Quarterly,44,350-383.
  33. Fiedler, F. E.(1996).Research on leadership selection and training: One view of the future.Administrative Science Quarterly,41,241-250.
  34. Fineman, S.(2006).On being positive: Concerns and counterpoints.Academy of Management Review,31,270-291.
  35. Franke, G. R.,Park, J. E.(2006).Salesperson adaptive selling behavior and customer orientation: A meta-analysis.Journal of Marketing Research,43,693-702.
  36. Fredrickson, B. L.(2001).The role of positive emotions in positive psychology: The broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions.American Psychologist,56,218-226.
  37. George, J. M.(1992).Extrinsic and intrinsic origins of perceived social loafing in organizations.Academy of Management Journal,35,191-202.
  38. Gooty, J.,Gavin, M.,Johnson, P. D.,Frazier, M. L.,Snow, D. B.(2009).In the eyes of the beholder: Transformational leadership, positive psychological capital, and performance.Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies,15,353-367.
  39. Guthrie, J. P.,Hollensbe, E. C.(2004).Group incentives and performance: A study of spontaneous goal setting, goal choice and commitment.Journal of Management,30,263-284.
  40. Hannah, S. T.,Uhl-Bien, M.,Avolio, B.,Cavarretta, F. L.(2009).A framework for examining leadership in extreme contexts.Leadership Quarterly,20,897-919.
  41. Hobfoll, S. E.(2002).Social and psychological resources and adaptation.Review of General Psychology,6,307-324.
  42. Hofman, D. A.,Gavin, M. B.(1998).Centering decisions in hierarchical linear models: Implications for research in organizations.Journal of Management,24,623-641.
  43. Hogg, M. A.,Terry, D. J.(2000).Social identity and self-categorization processes in organizational contexts.Academy of Management Review,25,121-140.
  44. Hunter, G. K.,Perreault, W. D., Jr.(2006).Sales technology orientation, information effectiveness, and sales performance.Journal of Personal Selling & Sales Management,26,95-113.
  45. Isen, A. M.,Baron, R. A.(1991).Positive affect as a factor in organizational behavior.Research in Organizational Behavior,13,1-54.
  46. James, L. R.,Demaree, R. G.,Wolf, G.(1984).Estimating within-group interrater reliability with and without response bias.Journal of Applied Psychology,69,85-98.
  47. Jaramillo, F.,Locander, W. B.,Spector, P. E.,Harris, E. G.(2007).Getting the job done: The moderating role of initiative on the relationship between intrinsic motivation and adaptive selling.Journal of Personal Selling & Sales Management,27,59-74.
  48. Judge, T. A.,Piccolo, R. F.(2004).Transformational and transactional leadership: A meta-analytic test of their relative validity.Journal of Applied Psychology,89,755-768.
  49. Jung, D. I.,Sosik, J. J.(2002).Transformational leadership in work groups: The role of empowerment, cohesiveness, and collective-efficacy on perceived group performance.Small Group Research,33,313-336.
  50. Kenny, D. A.,Kashy, D. A.,Bolger, N.(1998).Data analysis in social psychology.Boston, MA:McGraw-Hill.
  51. Kidwell, R. E., Jr.,Mossholder, K. W.,Bennett, N.(1997).Cohesiveness and organizational citizenship behavior: A multilevel analysis using work groups and individuals.Journal of Management,23,775-793.
  52. Klein, K. J.(Ed.),Kozlowski, S. W. J.(Ed.)(2000).Multilevel theory, research, and methods in organizations: Foundations, extensions, and new directions.San Francisco, CA:Jossey-Bass.
  53. Klein, K. J.,Kozlowski, S. W. J.(2000).From micro to meso: Critical steps in conceptualizing and conducting multilevel research.Organizational Research Methods,3,211-236.
  54. Koene, B. A. S.,Vogelaar, A. L. W.,Soeters, J. L.(2002).Leadership effects on organizational climate and financial performance: Local leadership effect in chain Organizations.The Leadership Quarterly,13,193-215.
  55. Lazarus, R. S.(2003).Does the positive psychology movement have legs?.Psychological Inquiry,14,93-109.
  56. Liao, H.,Chuang, A.(2007).Transforming service employees and climate: A multilevel, multisource examination of transformational leadership in building long-term service relationships.Journal of Applied Psychology,92,1006-1019.
  57. Locke, E. A.,Latham, G. P.(1990).A theory of goal setting and task performance.Englewood Cliffs, NJ:Prentice-Hall.
  58. Lusch, R. F.,Vargo, S. L.,O'Brien, M.(2007).Competing through service: Insights from service-dominant logic.Journal of Retailing,83,5-18.
  59. Luthans, F.,Avey, J. B.,Patera, J. L.(2008).Experimental analysis of a web-based training intervention to develop positive psychological capital.Academy of Management Learning & Education,7,209-221.
  60. Luthans, F.,Avolio, B. J.,Avey, J. B.,Norman, S. M.(2007).Positive psychological capital: Measurement and relationship with performance and satisfaction.Personal Psychology,60,541-572.
  61. Luthans, F.,Youssef, C. M.(2007).Emerging positive organizational behavior.Journal of Management,33,321-349.
  62. MacKenzie, S. B.,Podsakoff, P. M.,Rich, G. A.(2001).Transformational and transactional leadership and salesperson performance.Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science,29,115-134.
  63. Martin, C. A.,Bush, A. J.(2006).Psychological climate, empowerment, leadership style, and customer-oriented selling: An analysis of the sales manager-salesperson dyad.Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science,34,419-438.
  64. Morgeson, F. P.(2005).The external leadership of self-managing teams: Intervening in the context of novel and disruptive events.Journal of Applied Psychology,90,497-508.
  65. Noe, R. A.(2005).Employee training and development.Boston, MA:McGraw-Hill.
  66. O'Reilly, C. A.,Caldwell, D. F.,Barnett, W. P.(1989).Work group demography, social integration, and turnover.Administrative Science Quarterly,34,21-37.
  67. Piccolo, R. F.,Colquitt, J. A.(2006).Transformational leadership and job behaviors: The mediating role of core job characteristics.Academy of Management Journal,49,327-340.
  68. Podsakoff, P. M.,MacKenzie, S. B.(1994).An examination of the psychometric properties and nomological validity of some revised and reduced substitutes for leadership scales.Journal of Applied Psychology,79,702-713.
  69. Podsakoff, P. M.,MacKenzie, S. B.,Lee, J. Y.,Podsakoff, N. P.(2003).Common method biases in behavioral research: A critical review of the literature and recommended remedies.Journal of Applied Psychology,88,879-903.
  70. Podsakoff, P. M.,Organ, D. W.(1986).Self-reports in organizational research: Problems and prospects.Journal of Management,12,531-544.
  71. Rapp, A.,Agnihotri, R.,Forbes, L. P.(2008).The sales force technology-performance chain: The role of adaptive selling and effort.Journal of Personal Selling & Sales Management,28,335-350.
  72. Roman, S.,Iacobucci, D.(2010).Antecedents and consequences of adaptive selling confidence and behavior: A dyadic analysis of salespeople and their customers.Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science,38,363-382.
  73. Salancik, G. R.,Pfeffer, J.(1978).A social information processing approach to job attitudes and task design.Administrative Science Quarterly,23,224-253.
  74. Schafer, M.,Crichlow, S.(2002).The process-outcome connection in foreign policy decision making: A quantitative study building on groupthink.International Studies Quarterly,46,45-68.
  75. Schermerhorn, J. R.,Hunt, J. G.,Osborn, R. N.(1991).Managing organizational behavior.New York:Wiley.
  76. Seligman, M. E. P.(1998).Positive social science.American Psychological Association Monitor,29(4),2-5.
  77. Shamir, B.,House, R. J.,Arthur, M. B.(1993).The motivational effects of charismatic leadership: A self-concept based theory.Organization Science,4,577-594.
  78. Shaw, M. E.(1981).Group dynamics: The psychology of small group behavior.New York:McGraw-Hill.
  79. Snyder, C. R.(Ed.),Lopez, S. J.(Ed.)(2002).Handbook of positive psychology.New York:Oxford University Press.
  80. Spiro, R. L.,Weitz, B. A.(1990).Adaptive selling: Conceptualization, measurement, and nomological validity.Journal of Marketing Research,27,61-69.
  81. Stajkovic, A. D.(2006).Development of a core confidence-higher order construct.Journal of Applied Psychology,91,1208-1224.
  82. Stogdill, R. M.(1972).Group productivity, drive, and cohesiveness.Organizational Behavior and Human Performance,8,26-43.
  83. Stokes, J. P.(1983).Components of group cohesion: Intermember attraction, instrumental value, and risk taking.Small Group Behavior,14,163-173.
  84. Strauss, J. S.(1969).Hallucinations and delusions as points on continua function: Rating scale evidence.Archives of General Psychiatry,21,581-586.
  85. Sundstrom, E.,McIntyre, M.,Halfhill, T.,Richards, H.(2000).Work groups: From the Hawthorne studies to work teams of the 1990s and beyond.Group Dynamics,4,44-67.
  86. Sweetman, D.,Luthans, F.,Avey, J. B.,Luthans, B. C.(2011).Relationship between positive psychological capital and creative performance.Canadian Journal of Administrative Sciences,28,4-13.
  87. Tugade, M. M.,Fredrickson, B. L.(2007).Regulation of positive emotions: Emotion regulation strategies that promote resilience.Journal of Happiness Studies: Special Issue on Emotion Self-Regulation,8,311-333.
  88. Van Dyne, L.,Cummings, L. L.,Parks, J. M.(1995).Extra-role behaviors: In pursuit of construct and definitional clarity (a bridge over muddied waters).Research in Organizational Behavior,17,215-285.
  89. Wang, P.,Rode, J. C.,Shi, K.,Luo, Z. X.,Chen, W. J.(2013).A workgroup climate perspective on the relationships among transformational leadership, workgroup diversity, and employee creativity.Group & Organization Management,38,334-360.
  90. Wang, X. H.,Howell, J. M.(2010).Exploring the dual-level effects of transformational leadership on followers.Journal of Applied Psychology,95,1134-1144.
  91. Weitz, B. A.(1981).Effectiveness in sales interactions: A contingency framework.Journal of Marketing,45(1),85-103.
  92. Weitz, B. A.,Sujan, H.,Sujan, M.(1986).Knowledge, motivation, and adaptive behavior: A framework for improving selling effectiveness.Journal of Marketing,50(4),174-191.
  93. Wright, N.,Drewery, G.(2002).Cohesion among culturally heterogeneous groups.The Journal of American Academy of Business, Cambridge,2,66-72.
  94. Yukl, G. A.(1994).Leadership in organizations.Englewood Cliffs, NJ:Prentice-Hall.
  95. Zeithaml, V. A.,Bitner, M. J.(2000).Services marketing: Integrating customer focus across the fir.New York:McGraw-Hill.
  96. 現代保險金融理財雜誌(2007)。業務員特質小測驗─你適合當壽險業務員嗎?。現代保險金融理財雜誌,221,62-63。
被引用次数
  1. 林信佑(Hsing-Yo Lin)(2022)。運動心理資本對高中運動員知覺自我運動表現影響:教練家長式領導行為的跨層次分析。運動休閒管理學報。19(2)。1-23。