訪員如何影響訪問績效？一個互動式的觀點

Discovering the Caracteristics of a Good Interviewer: Analyzing the Performance of Interviewers from Their Interaction with Respondents and the Survey Environment

10.6683/TPSR.201406.18(1).129-179

林啟耀(Kah-Yew Lim)

調查研究 ； 面訪 ； 單位無反應 ； 項目無反應 ； 多層分析 ； survey research ； face-to-face interview ； unit nonresponse ； item nonresponse ； multilevel analysis

台灣政治學刊

18卷1期（2014 / 06 / 01）

129 - 179

繁體中文

訪問品質一直是調查研究者所關心的重要問題，如何維護訪問品質，降低拒訪率與降低問卷無反應率都是研究者努力的方向。以面對面訪問所進行的調查研究來說，最重要的三個元素莫過於訪員、受訪者與情境，因此這三者的特徵對於調查研究的影響正是本研究所關心的焦點之一。本研究結合上述兩類行為者特徵，再加上訪問區的情境因素，並且從互動式的觀點，探討這三者間的互動如何影響訪問的成功與否以及訪問內容的完整性。透過多層模型的建立與分析，本研究發現相對於沒有做過任何訪問的訪員而言，有做過TEDS（Taiwan's Election andDemocratization Study, TEDS）的訪員比較能取得受訪者的同意受訪，尤其是都市化程度愈高的訪區差異愈大。另外，有做過 TEDS訪問的訪員比沒有做過訪問的訪員，在低都市化地區與面對低教育程度受訪者時，問卷項目無反應率也較低。訪員的性別因素也是影響訪問績效的重要因素。相對於女性訪員，男性訪員顯然更容易被拒訪，尤其是在面對女受訪者時。但是，訪員的性別差異並沒有反映在他們的問卷完整性上。在其他的因素方面，本研究也發現受訪者的年齡愈高愈可能拒訪，且問卷無反應率也越高。男性受訪者比女性受訪者更傾向接受訪問，在問卷無反應率方面也比女性受訪者來得低。本研究所關注的訪區因素方面，都市化程度愈低的訪區，受訪者比較傾向接受訪問，但是他們提供有效答案的比例也顯著較都市化程度較高地區的受訪者低。另一個訪區因素，即訪區的犯罪率則沒有造成任何的顯著影響。本研究認為，倘若研究者愈能夠掌握訪員、受訪者與訪問區域的元素，且愈了解這些元素之間彼此的互動，則愈有利於調查研究上人力的安排。

The quality of survey research is the researcher's main concern and he always tries to reduce the refusal rate and item nonresponse rate. The interviewer, respondent and survey environment are the most important factors affecting the result of a face-to-face interview. This article analyzes the characteristics of these factors and their interaction in deciding the result of a face-to-face interview. Using the multilevel model, the analysis reveals that the interviewer who had TEDS interview experience was significantly more successful in persuading the respondent to accept the interview, compared to those who had no experience at all. The difference is more significant when the respondent is coming from a highly-urbanized area. The experienced interviewer has a lower item nonresponse rate than one without experience, when the respondent has less education or the respondent is from an area with a low degree of urbanization. Compared to the female interviewers, the male interviewers are more likely to be refused, especially when they meet female respondents. Besides, male respondents have both a lower unit nonresponse rate and item nonresponse rate. A respondent from a highly urbanized area is more likely to refuse the interview, but a respondent from a less urbanized area has a higher item nonresponse rate. Finally, this paper suggests that those researchers who engage in survey research should obtain as much information about the interviewer, respondent and environment as they can.

1. Cheng, Su-feng(2006).Survey Participation in Taiwan: Evidence from the ESC Surveys.Journal of Election Studies,13(1),163-95.
   連結：
2. 洪永泰(2003)。原始樣本、替代樣本、與追蹤樣本的比較：2001 年台灣選舉與民主化調查研究訪問失敗的問題的探討。選舉研究，10(2)，37-58。
   連結：
3. 楊孟麗(2002)。利用多層線性模式瞭解題目無反應。調查研究─方法及應用，12，59-90。
   連結：
4. 楊孟麗(2011)。訪問品質與訪問速度及完訪次序的關係。調查研究─方法及應用，25，47-89。
   連結：
5. 鄭夙芬(2000)。政治類調查研究中訪員錯誤類型之研究。選舉研究，7(2)，143-191。
   連結：
6. 鄭夙芬、陳陸輝(2001)。台灣地區民眾參與調查研究態度的變遷：1986-1998。選舉研究，7(1)，115-138。
   連結：
7. Abelson, Robert P.(1981).Psychological status of the script concept.American Psychologist,36(7),715-29.
8. Bailar, Barbara,Bailey, Leroy,Stevens, Joyce(1977).Measures of Interviewer Bias and Variance.Journal of Marketing Research,14(3),337-43.
9. Biemer, P. Paul(2010).Total survey error: Design, implementation, and evaluation.Public Opinion Quarterly,74(5),817-48.
10. Blom, Annelies G.,de Leeuw, Edith D.,Hox, Joop J.(2011).Interviewer Effects on Nonresponse in the European Social Survey.Journal of Official Statistics,27(2),359-77.
11. Borgers, Natacha,Hox, Joop(2001).Item Nonresponse in Questionnaire Research With Children.Journal of Official Statistics,17(2),321-35.
12. Brehm, John(1993).The Phantom Respondents-Opinion Surveys and Political Representation.Ann Arbor, MI:The University of Michigan Press.
13. Campanelli, Pamela(ed.),Sturgis, Patrick(ed.),Purdon, Susan(ed.)(1997).Can You Hear Me Knocking: An Investigation into the Impact of Interviewers on Survey Response Rates.London, UK:Survey Methods Centre at Social & Community Planning Research.
14. Cannell, Charles F.,Marquis, Kent H.,Laurent, Andre(1977).Vital and Health Statistics Series 2: Data Evaluation and Methods Research 69Vital and Health Statistics Series 2: Data Evaluation and Methods Research 69,未出版
15. Cleary, Paul D.,Mechanic, David,Weiss, Norma(1981).The Effect of Interviewer Characteristics on Responses to a Mental Health Interview.Journal of Health and Social Behavior,22(2),183-93.
16. Couper, Mick P.(1997).Survey Introductions and Data Quality.Public Opinion Quarterly,61(2),317-38.
17. Couper, Mick. P.,Groves, Robert M.(1996).Social environmental impacts on survey cooperation.Quality and Quantity,30(2),173-88.
18. De Leeuw, Edith D.,Hox, Joop,Huisman, Mark(2003).Prevention and treatment of item nonresponse.Journal of Official Statistics,19(2),153-76.
19. Durand, Claire(2005).Measuring Interviewer Performance in Telephone Surveys.Quality & Quantity,39,763-78.
20. Durrant, Gabrielle B.,Groves, Robert M.,Staetsky, Laura,Steele, Fiona(2010).Effects of Interviewer Attitudes and Behaviors on Refusal in Household Surveys.Public Opinion Quarterly,74(1),1-36.
21. Feskens, Remco,Hox, Joop,Lensvelt-Mulders, Gerty,Schmeets, Hans(2007).Nonresponse Among Ethnic Minorities: A Multivariate Analysis.Journal of Offiial Statistics,23(3),387-408.
22. Fowler, Floyd J.(2002).Survey Research Methods.Thousand Oaks, CA:Sage.
23. Fowler, Floyd J.,Mangione, Thomas W.(1990).Standardized Survey Interviewing: Minimizing Interviewer-related Error.Newbury Park, CA:Sage.
24. Francis, Joe D.,Busch, Lawrence(1975).What we Now Know About 'I don't Knows'.Public Opinion Quarterly,39(2),207-18.
25. Gfroerer, Joseph C.,Eyerman, Joe,Chromy, James R.(2002).Redesigning an ongoing national household survey.Rockville, MD:Dept. of Health and Human Services, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Office of Applied Studies.
26. Gfroerer, Joseph(ed.),Eyerman, Joe(ed.),Chromy, James(ed.)(2002).Redesigning an Ongoing National Household Survey.Washington, DC:Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration.
27. Groves, Robert M.(ed.),Dillman, Don A.(ed.),Eltinge, John L.(ed.),Little, Roderick J. A.(ed.)(2002).Survey nonresponse.New York, NY:John Wiley & Sons.
28. Groves, Robert M.,Couper, Mick P.(1998).Nonresponse in Household Interview Surveys.New York, NY:John Wiley & Sons, Inc..
29. Groves, Robert M.,Fowler, Floyd J., Jr.,Couper, Mick P.,Lepkowski, James M.,Singer, Eleanor,Tourangeau, Roger(2004).Survey methodology.Hoboken, NJ:John Wiley & Sons Inc..
30. Groves, Robert M.,Lars, Lyberg(2010).Total survey error: Past, present, and future.Public Opinion Quarterly,74(5),849-79.
31. Groves, Robert M.,Peytcheva, Emilia(2008).The Impact of Nonresponse Rates on Nonresponse Bias: A Meta-Analysis.Public Opinion Quarterly,72(2),167-89.
32. Hansen, Kasper M.(2007).The Effects of Incentives, Interview Length, and Interviewer Characteristics on Response Rates in a CATI Study.International Journal of Public Opinion Research,19(1),112-21.
33. House, James S.,Wolf, Sharon(1978).Effects of urban residence on interpersonal trust and helping behavior.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,36,1029-43.
34. Huang, Chi,Liao, Tsai-hsing(2007).Item Nonresponse in Surveys: A Multilevel Analysis of Item, Respondent, and Interviewer Effects.Sun Yat-Sen Social Sciences Review,1,1-22.
35. Jäckle, Annette,Lynn, Peter,Jennifer, Sinibaldi,Tipping, Sarah(2013).The Effect of Interviewer Experience, Attitudes, Personality and Skills on Respondent Co-operation with Face-to-Face Surveys.Survey Research Methods,7(1),1-15.
36. Kaldenberg, Dennis O.,Koenig, Harold F.,Becker, Boris W.(1994).Mail survey response rate patterns in a population of the elderly: Does response deteriorate with age?.Public Opinion Quarterly,58(1),68-76.
37. Keeter, Scott,Miller, Carolyn,Kohut, Andrew,Groves, Robert M.,Presser, Stanley(2000).Consequences of Reducing Nonresponse in a National Telephone Survey.Public Opinion Quarterly,64(2),125-48.
38. Kennickell, Arthur B.(2002).Interviewers and data quality: Evidence from the 2001 survey of consumer finances.Section on Survey Research Methods, Annual Meetings of the American Statistical Association,New York, NY.:
39. Krosnick, Jon A.(1991).Response Strategies for Coping with the Cognitive Demands of Attitude Measures in Surveys.Applied Cognitive Psychology,5(3),213-36.
40. Mathiowetz, N. A.(1998).Respondent Expression of Uncertainty.Public Opinion Quarterly,62,47-56.
41. McClendon, M. J.(1991).Acquiescence and Recency Response-Order: Effects in Interview Surveys.Sociological Methods and Research,20,60-103.
42. Morton-Williams, J.(1993).Interviewer Approaches.Cambridge, UK:Dartmouth Publishing Company Ltd..
43. Olson, Kristen,Peytchev, Andy(2007).Effect of Interviewer Experience on Interview Pace and Interviewer Attitudes.Public Opinion Quarterly,71(2),273-86.
44. O'Muicheartaigh, C.,Campanelli, P.(1999).A multilevel exploration of the role of interviewers in survey non-response.Journal of the Royal Statistical Society,162,437-46.
45. Pickery, J.,Loosveldt, G.(1998).The Impact of Respondent and Interviewer Characteristics on the Number of 'No Opnion' Answers.Quality & Quantity,32,31-45.
46. Pickery, J.,Loosveldt, G.(2001).An Exploration of Question Characteristics that Mediate Interviewer Effects on Item Nonresponse.Journal of Official Statistics,17(3),337-50.
47. Raudenbush, Stephen W.,Bryk, Anthony S.(2002).Hierarchical Linear Models: Application and Data Analysis Methods.Thousand Oaks, CA:Sage.
48. Rucker, Robert E.(1990).Urban Crime: Fear of victimization and perceptions of risk.Free Inquiry in Creative Sociology,18,151-60.
49. Singer, Eleanor,Frankel, Martin R.,Glassman, Mark B.(1983).The Effect of Interviewer Characteristics and Expectations on Response.Public Opinion Quarterly,47(1),68-83.
50. Van der Zouwen, Johannese,Dijkstra, Wil,Smit, Johannes H.(1991).Studying Respondent-Interviewer Interaction: The Relationship between Interviewing Style, Interviewer Behavior, and Response Behavior.Measurement Errors in Surveys,New York, NY:
51. Van der Zouwen, Johannnes(2006).Interviewer and survey researcher: Mutual dependencies.Bulletin De Méthodologie Sociologique,89,49-64.
52. Van der Zouwen, Johannnes(1974).A conceptual model for the auxiliary hypotheses behind the interview.Annals of Systems Research,4,21-37.
53. Young, J.(1999).The Exclusive Society.London, UK:Sage.
54. 洪永泰(1996)。抽樣調查中樣本代表性的問題。調查研究，1，7-37。
55. 洪永泰(1989)。抽樣調查中訪問失敗問題的處理。社會科學論叢，37，33-52。
56. 章英華編、傅仰止編、瞿海源(1995)。社會調查與分析。台北=Taipei:中研院民族學研究所=Institute of Ethnology Academia Sinica。
57. 傅仰止(1996)。都市人的社會心理特質：公私場域之分。中國社會學刊，18，17-73。
58. 黃紀編、游清鑫編(2008)。如何評估選制變遷：方法論的探討。台北=Taipei:五南=Wunan。
59. 廖彩杏(2004)。嘉義=Chiayi，國立中正大學政治學研究所=Graduate School of Political Science, National Chungcheng University。
60. 劉介宇、洪永泰、莊義利、陳怡如、翁文舜、劉季鑫、梁賡義(2006)。台灣地區鄉鎮市區發展類型應用於大型健康調查抽樣設計之研究。健康管理學刊，4(1)，1-22。
61. 劉義周(1985)。調查研究中“不知道”選項問題之分析。國立政治大學學報，52，65-90。

1. 潘淑滿,劉一龍,林雅容,林東龍(2023)。敏感性問題訪問調查的挑戰：以婦女遭受親密伴侶暴力為例。臺大社會工作學刊，48，37-67。