權力平衡機制的修正失靈與啟動失靈：戰國時代的案例檢證

Ignition Failure and the Adjustment Failure of the Balance of Power Mechanism: Case Study of the Warring States Era Practices

10.6683/TPSR.201912_23(2).0001

陳欣之(Hsin-Chih Chen)

權力平衡 ； 抗衡 ； 戰國時代 ； 權力平衡失靈 ； 現實主義 ； Balance of Power ； Balancing ； Warring States Era ； Failure of the Balance of Power ； Realism

台灣政治學刊

23卷2期（2019 / 12 / 01）

1 - 39

繁體中文

國際關係的權力平衡機制，本身充滿概念定義模糊與高度的理論化缺陷。國際社會的霸權起伏，彰顯權力平衡機制失靈（failure of balance of power mechanism）的獨特現象，霸權更迭的論點，更構成權力平衡機制重複失靈的理論挑戰。本文首先回顧國際關係研究對權力平衡理論的質疑，擬超越美歐國際關係理論的思維窠臼，重新認識權力平衡機制的運作動因與面貌。其次省察東亞戰國時期合縱連橫實踐，以及出現一統帝國的客觀事實，探索權力平衡機制失靈的現象。本文結論以為，國際體系存在權力平衡機制啟動失靈與權力平衡機制修正失靈；探究權力平衡失靈，可以提升吾人對於目前國際體系權力轉換的理解與認識。

The concept of the Balance of Power theory in the international relations paradigms is full of theoretical defaults in terms of the concept's definition. The hegemonic transition in the international community exhibits the phenomenon of the failure of the Balance of Power mechanism. The power shifting arguments also constitute theoretical challenges of continuous failure to the Balance of Power mechanism. After reviewing questions related to the Balance of Power theory in International Relations studies, this paper intends to first go beyond the Euro-American conceptual constraints that have haunted IR studies to understand the dynamics and the images of the Balance of Power mechanism based on a different approach. It furthermore attempts to explore the phenomenon of the Balance of Power failure after observing the formation of alliances in China's Warring States Era and the fact that the Chinese empire had been repeatedly founded in the East Asia region. The article concludes by stating that there has been both an ignition failure as well as an adjustment failure in relation to the Balance of Power mechanism in the international system. Further exploring this Balance of Power failure will enhance our understanding of the shifting of international power.

1. 陳欣之, Hsin-Chih(2015)。超越無政府狀態 : 先秦秩序取向政治思潮對國際關係典範的啓示。政治科學論叢，63，129-164。
   連結：
2. Brooks, Stephen G.,Wohlforth, William C.(2016).The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers in the Twenty-first Century: China's Rise and the Fate of America's Global Position.International Security,40(3),7-53.
3. Brooks, Stephen G.,Wohlforth, William C.(2008).World out of Balance, International Relations and the Challenge of American Primacy.Princeton, NJ:Princeton University Press.
4. Bull, Hedley(1977).The Anarchical Society, A Study of Order in World Politics.London, UK:MacMillan.
5. Bull, Hedley,Watson, Adam(1984).The Expansion of International Society.New York, NY:Oxford University Press.
6. Buzan, Barry(2004).From International to World Society? English School Theory and the Social Structure of Globalisation.Cambridge, UK:Cambridge University Press.
7. Buzan, Barry,Little, Richard(2000).International Systems in World History, Remaking the Study of International Relations.Oxford, UK:Oxford University Press.
8. Christensen, Thomas J.,Snyder, Jack(1990).Chain Gangs and Passed Bucks, Predicting Alliance Patterns in Multipolarity.International Organization,44(2),137-168.
9. Claude, Inis L.(1962).Power and International Relations.New York, NY:Random House.
10. David, Steven R.(1991).Choosing Sides, Alignment and Realignment in the Third World.Baltimore, MD:The Johns Hopkins University Press.
11. Gause, F. Gregory, III(2003).Balancing What? Threat Perception and Alliance Choice in the Gulf.Security Studies,13(2),273-305.
12. Gilpin, Robert(1981).War and Change in World Politics.Cambridge, UK:Cambridge University Press.
13. Goddard, Stacie E.(2009).When Right Makes Might, How Prussia Overturned the European Balance of Power.International Security,33(3),110-142.
14. Goddard, Stacie E.(2015).The Rhetoric of Appeasement, Hitler's Legitimation and British Foreign Policy, 1938–39.Security Studies,24(1),95-130.
15. Hass, Ernst B.(1953).The Balance of Power, Prescription, Concept, or Propaganda.World Politics,5(4),442-477.
16. Holsti, K. J.(2004).Taming the Sovereigns, Institutional Change in International Politics.Cambridge, UK:Cambridge University Press.
17. Hui, Victoria Tin-bor(2005).War and State Formation in Ancient China and Early Modern Europe.Cambridge, UK:Cambridge University Press.
18. Ikenberry, G. John(2004).Liberalism and Empire, Logics of Order in the American Unipolar Age.Review of International Studies,30(4),609-630.
19. Ikenberry, G. John(2002).America Unrivaled, the Future of the Balance of Power.Ithaca, NY:Cornell University Press.
20. Ikenberry, G. John(1999).Institutions, Strategic Restraint, and the Persistence of American Postwar Order.International Security,23(3),43-78.
21. Ikenberry, G. John(2001).After Victory, Institutions, Strategic Restraint, and the Rebuilding of Order after Major Wars.Princeton, NJ:Princeton University Press.
22. Ikenberry, G. John,Wang, Jisi,Zhu, Feng(2015).America, China, and the Struggle for World Order, Ideas, Traditions, Historical Legacies, and Global Visions.New York, NY:Palgrave MacMillan.
23. Johnston, Alastair Iain(ed.),Ross, Robert S.(ed.)(1999).Engaging China, The Management of an Emerging Power.London, UK:Routledge.
24. Kang, David(2010).East Asia before the West, Five Centuries of Trade and Tribute.New York, NY:Columbia University Press.
25. Kang, David C.(2003).Getting Asia Wrong, the Need for New Analytical Frameworks.International Security,27(4),57-85.
26. Kang, David C.(2003).Hierarchy, Balancing, and Empirical Puzzles in Asian International Relations.International Security,28(3),165-180.
27. Kaufman, Stuart J.,Little, Richard,Wohlforth, William C.(2007).The Balance of Power in World History.New York, NY:Palgrave Macmillan.
28. Kelly, Robert E.(2012).A 'Confucian Long Peace' in pre-Western East Asia?.European Journal of International Relations,18(3),407-430.
29. Keohane, Robert O.(1984).After Hegemony, Cooperation and Discord in the World Political Economy.Princeton, NJ:Princeton University Press.
30. Khong, Yuen Foong(2013).The American Tributary System.Chinese Journal of International Politics,6(1),1-47.
31. Larsen, Kirk(2013).Comforting Fictions, The Tribute System, the Westphalian Order, and Sino-Korean Relations.Journal of East Asian Studies,13(2),233-257.
32. Layne, Christopher(2006).The Unipolar Illusion Revisited, The Coming End of the United States' Unipolar Moment.International Security,31(2),7-41.
33. Layne, Christopher(1993).The Unipolar Illusion, Why New Great Power Will Rise.International Security,17(4),5-51.
34. Levy, Jack S.,Thompson, William R.(2010).Balancing on Land and at Sea, Do States Ally against the Leading Global Power?.International Security,35(1),7-43.
35. Lieber, Keir A.,Alexander, Gerard(2005).Waiting for Balancing, Why the World Is Not Pushing Back.International Security,30(1),109-139.
36. Liff, Adam P.(2016).Whither the Balancers? The Case for a Methodological Reset.Security Studies,25(3),420-459.
37. Lim, Darren J.,Cooper, Zack(2015).Reassessing Hedging, The Logic of Alignment in East Asia.Security Studies,24(4),696-727.
38. Mearsheimer, John J.(2001).The Tragedy of Great Power Politics.New York, NY:W. W. Norton & Company.
39. Mearsheimer, John J.(2010).The Gathering Storm, China's Challenge to US Power in Asia.Chinese Journal of International Politics,3(4),381-396.
40. Midlarsky, Manus I.(ed.)(1989).Handbook of War Studies.Boston, MA:Unwin Hyman.
41. Møller, Jørgen(2014).Why Europe Avoided Hegemony, A Historical Perspective on the Balance of Power.International Studies Quarterly,58(4),660-670.
42. Morgenthau, Hans J.,Thompson, Kenneth,Clinton, David(2006).Politics among Nations, The Struggle for Power and Peace.New York, NY:McGraw-Hill Education.
43. Nexon, Daniel H.(2009).The Balance of Power in the Balance.World Politics,61(2),330-359.
44. Parent, Joseph M.,Rosato, Sebastian(2015).Balancing in Neorealism.International Security,40(2),51-86.
45. Paul, T.V.(ed.),Wirtz, James(ed.),Fortmann, Michel(ed.)(2004).Balance of Power Revisited, Theory and Practice in the 21st Century.Stanford, CA:Stanford University Press.
46. Paul. T. V.,Wirtz, James J.,Fortmann, Michel(2004).Balance of Power, Theory and Practice in the 21 Century.Stanford, CA:Stanford University Press.
47. Schweller, Randall L.(1994).Bandwagoning for Profit, Bringing the Revisionist State Back In.International Security,19(1),72-107.
48. Schweller, Randall L.(2004).Unanswered Threats, A Neoclassical Realist Theory of Underbalancing.International Security,29(2),159-201.
49. Schweller, Randall L.(2006).Unanswered Threats, Political Constraints on the Balance of Power.Princeton, NJ:Princeton University Press.
50. Schweller, Randall L.(1998).Deadly Imbalances, Tripolarity and Hitler's Strategy of World Conquest.New York, NY:Columbia University Press.
51. Sending, Ole Jacob(ed.),Pouliot, Vincent(ed.),Neumann, Iver B(ed.)(2015).Diplomacy and the Making of World Politics.Cambridge, UK:Cambridge University Press.
52. Sofka, James. R.(2001).The Eighteenth Century International System, Parity or Primacy?.Review of International Studies,27(5),147-163.
53. Tammen, Ronald L.(2000).Power Transitions, Strategies for the 21st Century.New York, NY:Chatham House.
54. Walt, Stephen M.(1987).Origins of Alliances.Ithaca, NY:Cornell University Press.
55. Waltz, Kenneth N.(2000).Structural Realism after the Cold War.International Security,25(1),5-41.
56. Waltz, Kenneth, N.(1979).Theory of International Politics.Reading, MA:Addison-Wesley.
57. Wang, Yuan-kang(2013).Explaining the Tribute System, Power, Confucianism, and War in Medieval East Asia.Journal of East Asian Studies,13(2),207-232.
58. Weitsman, Patricia A.(2004).Dangerous Alliances, Proponents of Peace, Weapons of War.Stanford, CA:Stanford University Press.
59. Wight, Martin(1978).Power Politics.London, UK:Leicester University Press.
60. Wight, Martin(ed.),Butterfield, Herbert(ed.)(1966).Diplomatic Investigations, Essays in the Theory of International Politics.London, UK:Allen & Unwin.
61. Wohlforth, William. C.(1999).The Stability of a Unipolar World.International Security,24(1),5-41.
62. Zartman, I. William(2009).Imbalance of Power, U.S. Hegemony and International Order.London, UK:Lynne Rienner Publishers.
63. Zhao, Suisheng,Qi, Xiong(2016).Hedging and Geostrategic Balance of East Asian Countries toward China.Journal of Contemporary China,25(100),485-499.
64. 司馬遷, Qian(1997).史記.北京=Beijing:中華書局=Chung Hwa Book Company.
65. 楊寬, Kuan(1997).戰國史.台北=Taipei:台灣商務印書館=Taiwan Commercial Press.
66. 漆海霞, Haixia(2015)。戰國的終結與制衡的失效－對戰國期合縱連橫的反思。當代亞太，2015(5)，4-48。
67. 蕭公權, Gong-quan(1982).中國政治思想史.台北市=Taipei:聯經出版社=Linking Publishing Company.

1. 陳欣之(2022)。概念化逐霸國家行為：戰國時代秦國逐霸過程的啟示。問題與研究，61(4)，1-45。
2. 薛健吾(2022)。為什麼統一天下的是秦國？「歷史制度主義」對「新古典現實主義」的補充。政治科學論叢，92，1-40。
3. (2024)。非戰爭的攻防：論美國對中國採行的預防性舉措。問題與研究，63(2)，31-82。
4. (2024)。權力平衡理論之再推進：體系抑或狀態之辨。問題與研究，63(3)，1-28。
5. (2024)。物質結構與理念結構的競爭解釋：中國歷史上的春秋戰國時期。政治科學論叢，100，89-181。