题名

原住民族遺骨與文物返還的制度性反思:從「2017年馬遠布農族遺骸爭議」出發

并列篇名

The Repatriation of Indigenous Remains and Cultural Objects: Lessons from the 2017 Mayuan Case in Taiwan

DOI

10.6683/TPSR.202012_24(2).0003

作者

黃之棟(Chih-Tung Huang)

关键词

返還 ; 遺骨 ; 文物 ; 原住民族 ; 馬遠 ; repatriation ; human remains ; cultural objects ; indigenous peoples ; Mayuan

期刊名称

台灣政治學刊

卷期/出版年月

24卷2期(2020 / 12 / 01)

页次

105 - 150

内容语文

繁體中文

中文摘要

原住民族遺骨與文物返還是近來國際原住民族運動與原住民族研究(indigenous studies)的一大熱點。而2017年發生的「馬遠布農族遺骸爭議」,恰恰標示出了本土返還議題的爭點所在。有鑑於此,本研究擬從馬遠事件出發,透過制度性的視角來對相關議題進行批判性的檢討。本文指出,所謂的「返還」不只是遺骨或文物物理上的移動與回歸;它所真正處理的其實是權利的重新定義與再探索,更是各關鍵利害關係人間(特別是政府、大學/博物館/研究機構、學術社群、原住民族等)的關係重構。有鑑於問題的複雜,本文提出:吾人應把馬遠一案視為通盤檢討類似案例的契機,透過權利論述與制度設計的雙管齊下,來促成遺骨與文物返還的終極解決。為此,作者指出政府宜展現面對過往黑暗歷史(dark history)的決心,並提供政策引導、經費支持、與法制規範,來協助返還的進程。唯有如此,先人的遺骨才能早日返家安息。

英文摘要

Around the world, the repatriation of indigenous remains has long been a contentious issue. Taiwan is no exception. This article examines the Mayuan repatriation case through an institutional lens. It argues that the so-called "repatriation" is much more complex than the physical return of human remains and cultural objects. The process of repatriation is in fact a redefinition of ownership/rights toward the remains/objects, and a reconstruction of relationships between universities, research groups, and more importantly indigenous peoples. It further argues that this case provides us with an opportunity to revisit the fundamental question of who owns/repatriates what, when and how. Given this complexity, this article stresses that providing institutional arrangements is a must. In so doing, the government should show its determination in facing this dark history and then initiate programs, legal proceedings, and fundings to facilitate the return of indigenous ancestral remains/objects to their communities of origin.

主题分类 社會科學 > 社會科學綜合
参考文献
  1. 林孟玲, Meng-ling(2011)。原住民遺骸之遺傳資源保障:以美國原住民族墓穴保護及歸返法案為例。台灣原住民族研究季刊,4(4),1-32。
    連結:
  2. 張慧端, Hui-tuan(2012)。博物館館藏原住民文物之保存與歸還議題探究。博物館學季刊,26(3),133-149。
    連結:
  3. 陳光祖, Guang-zu(2015)。考古遺產保存的國際趨勢及其對國內法制的借鑑。文化資產保存學刊,34,7-35。
    連結:
  4. 黃之棟, Chih-tung(2018)。原住民族的遺骨怎麼還?以日本愛努遺骨返還政策為檢討核心。台灣民主季刊,15(4),57-94。
    連結:
  5. 黃之棟, Chih-tung(2019)。帶祖先回家的法律?美國原住民族墓葬保護暨返還法的困境與啟示。政治科學論叢,79,69-98。
    連結:
  6. 監察委員新聞稿,2018,〈馬遠先人遺骨案監察院促請臺大妥善處理歸還事宜〉,https://www.cy.gov.tw/sp.asp?xdURL=./di/Message/message_1t2.asp&ctNode=2394&mp=1&msg_id=6617,查閱時間:2020/02/20。The Control Yuan Press. 2018. “Mayuan xianren yiguan jianchayuan cuqing taida tuoshan chuli guihuan shiyi” [The Control Yuan Urges NTU to Handle Mayuan Case Properly]. (Accessed Feburary 2, 2020).
  7. 監察院調查報告,2018,〈107教調0023〉,https://cybsbox.cy.gov.tw/CYBSBoxSSL/edoc/download/26613,查閱時間:2020/02/20。The Control Yuan Investigation Report. 2018. “107 jiaotiao0023” [107Dossier0023]. (Accessed Feburary 2, 2020)
  8. Babbit, Thomaira(2011).NAGPRA as a Paradigm: The Historical Context and Meaning of the Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act in 2011.Proceedings of the Native American Symposium,Durant, OK.:
  9. Breckenridge, James(2014).Building Accord Between Museums and Tribes: NAGPRA in Practice.UMKC Law Review De Jure,2,67-82.
  10. Breske, Ashleigh(2018).Politics of Repatriation: Formalizing Indigenous Repatriation Policy.International Journal of Cultural Property,25(3),347-373.
  11. Brown, Leslie,Strega, Susan(2005).Research as Resistance: Critical, Indigenous and Anti-oppressive Approaches.Toronto, Canada:Canadian Scholar’s Press.
  12. Capone, Patricia(2013).Amending Wonder: Museums and Twenty Years of the Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act.Accomplishing NAGPRA: Perspectives on the Intent, Impact, and Future of the Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act,Corvallis, OR:
  13. Fforde, Cressida,McKeown, C. Timothy,Keeler, Honor(2020).Introduction.The Routledge Companion to Indigenous Repatriation: Return, Reconcile, Renew,New York, NY:
  14. Hubert, Jane,Fforde, Cressida(2002).Introduction: The Reburial Issue in the Twenty-First Century.The Dead and their Possessions: Repatriation in Principle, Policy and Practice,New York, NY:
  15. Keeler, Honor(2012).Indigenous International Repatriation.Arizona State Law Journal,44(2),703-802.
  16. Kretzler, Ian(2015).Repatriation of "Culturally Unidentifiable" Human Remains: The View From Fort Vancouver.SAA Archaeological Record,15(1),21-24.
  17. Kuprecht, Karolina(2012).The Concept of "Cultural Affiliation" in NAGPRA: Its Potential and Limits in the Global Protection of Indigenous Cultural Property Rights.International Journal of Cultural Property,19(1),33-63.
  18. McKeown, C. Timothy,Hutt, Sherry(2002).In the Smaller Scope of Conscience: The Native American Graves Protection & Repatriation Act Twelve Years after.UCLA Journal of Environmental Law & Policy,21(2),153-212.
  19. Midler, Aaron. H.(2011).The Spirit of NAGPRA: The Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act and the Regulation of Culturally Unidentifiable Remains.Chicago-Kent Law Review,86(3),1331-1361.
  20. Scott, James C.(1998).Seeing Like a State: How Certain Schemes to Improve the Human Condition Have Failed.London, UK:Yale University Press.
  21. Smith, Claire(ed.)(2014).Encyclopedia of Global Archaeology.New York, NY:Springer.
  22. Smolensky, Kirsten Rabe(2008).Rights of the Dead.Hofstra Law Review,37(3),763-803.
  23. 方鈞瑋,2017a,〈以藏品重建博物館與原住民族社群間的關係:史前館的例子(上)〉,https://beta.nmp.gov.tw/enews/no353/page_02.html,查閱時間:2020/02/20。Fang, Chun-wei. 2017a. “Yi cangpin chongjian bowuguan yu yuanzhuminzu shequn jian de guanxi (Shang)” [Using Museum’s Collection to Reconstructing the relationship between Museum and Indigenous Communities: The Case of National Museum of Prehistory (1)]. (Accessed on Feburary 2, 2020).
  24. 方鈞瑋,2017b,〈以藏品重建博物館與原住民族社群間的關係:史前館的例子(下)〉,https://beta.nmp.gov.tw/enews/no354/page_02.html,查閱時間:2020/02/20。Fang, Chun-wei. 2017b. “Yi cangpin chongjian bowuguan yu yuanzhuminzu shequn jian de guanxi (Xia)” [Using Museum’s Collection to Reconstructing the relationship between Museum and Indigenous Communities: The Case of National Museum of Prehistory (2)]. (Accessed on Feburary 2, 2020).
  25. 北海道大学(2013)。北海道大学医学部アイヌ人骨収蔵経緯に関する調査報告書。札幌:北海道大学。
  26. 北海道大学(2018)。北海道大学医学部アイヌ人骨収蔵経緯に関する調査報告書(追録)。札幌:北海道大学。
  27. 市川守弘(2019)。アイヌの法的地位と国の不正義。札幌:寿郎社。
  28. 自由時報,2017,〈64族人骨骸台大決歸還馬遠部落〉,https://news.ltn.com.tw/news/life/paper/1113747,查閱時間:2020/02/20。Liberty Times. 2017. “64 zuren guhai taida jue guihuan mayuan buluo” [National Taiwan University Decided to Return 64 Indigenous Remains back to the Mayuan Tribe]. (Accessed on Feburary 2, 2020).
  29. 呂孟璠, Meng-fan(2012)。「文物」的意義轉變:原住民典藏詮釋與「文物回娘家」特展模式的省思。台灣博物季刊,31(1),44-49。
  30. 李子寧, Tzu-ning(2014)。文物返鄉賦予文物新生命:台灣博物館。原教界,59,54-57。
  31. 李子寧, Tzu-ning(2005)。從殖民蒐藏到文物回歸:百年來台灣原住民文物收藏的回顧與反省。博物館、知識建構與現代性,台中=Taichung:
  32. 京都新聞,2019,〈「違法収集」京大の誠意問う 琉球人遺骨返還請求へ アイヌ遺骨は各地で和解も 保管の有無開示なく〉,https://www.kyoto-np.co.jp/articles/-/89060,查閱時間:2020/02/20。
  33. 柯秀雯, Florence(2011)。從衝突到合作:淺談博物館的文物回歸問題。博物館與文化,1,103-129。
  34. 胡台麗, Tai-li(2017)。阿美族太巴塱Kakita’an祖屋重建:「文物」歸還與「傳統」復振的反思。跨‧文化:人類學與心理學的視野,台北=Taipei:
  35. 胡家瑜, Chia-yu(1994)。民族學收藏與原住民文化保存的問題。博物館學季刊,8(3),11-17。
  36. 原住民族委員會,2017,〈馬遠遺骨案臺大應尊重部落意願〉,https://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docDetail.html?CID=35AE118732EB6BAF&DID=0C3331F0EBD318C2BD49E24294FB37F1,查閱時間:2020/02/20。Council of Indigenous Peoples. 2017.“Mayuan yiguan taida ying zunzhong buluo yiyuan” [About the Mayuan Case: National Taiwan University Should Respect Tribe’s Decision]. (Accessed Feburary 2, 2020)
  37. 原住民族委員會,2007,〈聯合國原住民族權利宣言中英文版〉,https://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docDetail.html?CID=865E99765D714714&DID=0C3331F0EBD318C2600DB1785159A3BE,查閱時間:2020/02/20。Council of Indigenous Peoples. 2007. Lianheguo yuanzhuminzu quanlixuanyan zhongyingwenban” [The United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples]. (Accessed Feburary 2, 2020)
  38. 原住民族電視台,2017,〈馬遠部落遺骨案監察院召開諮詢會〉,http://titv.ipcf.org.tw/news-30985,查閱時間:2020/02/20。Taiwan Indigenous TV. 2017. “Mayuan buluo yiguan jianchayuan zhaokai zixunhui” [About The Mayuan Case: The Control Yuan Started Its Consultation]. (Accessed Feburary 2, 2020).
  39. 張正衡, Cheng-heng(2017)。國寶結拜的一些詮釋:物質文化、文化遺產與博物館。博物館簡訊,81,10-13。
  40. 陳叔倬, Shu-juo(2017)。淺談人骨的所有權與研究管理。國立自然科學博物館館訊,358,4。
  41. 陳叔倬, Shu-juo(2014)。美國原住民族文物的管理與歸屬。國立自然科學博物館館訊,324,1-5。
  42. 植木哲也(2017)。学問の暴力。横浜:春風社。
  43. 童元昭、李孟珊、黃維晨,2014,〈一條法律差點破壞部落百年和諧:古樓五年祭籌備風波不斷為哪樁?〉,https://www.matataiwan.com/2014/10/21/uljaljau-maljeveq/,查閱時間:2020/02/20。Tung, Yuan-chao, Meng-shan Li, and Wei-chen Huang. 2014. “Yitiao falü chadian pohuai buluo bainian hexie: Gulou wunianji choubei fengbo buduan weinazhuang?” [A Law may Damage Tribe’s Long Peace: The 5-year Ceremony of an Ancient House]. (Accessed Feburary 2, 2020).
  44. 童元昭、黃維晨、巫淑蘭,2017b,〈骨骸:關於死亡、挖掘與爭議〉,http://guavanthropology.tw/article/6600,查閱時間:2020/02/20。Tung, Yuan-chao, Wei-chen Huang, and Shu-lan Wu. 2017b. “Huhai: guanyu siwang wajue yu zhengyi” [Human Remains: About the Death, Exhumation, and Controversies]. (Accessed Feburary 2, 2020).
  45. 童元昭、黃維晨、巫淑蘭,2017a,〈返還遺骸和解撫平傷痛〉,https://udn.com/news/story/7339/2546131,查閱時間:2020/02/20。Tung, Yuan-chao, Wei-chen Huang, and Shu-lan Wu. 2017a. “Fanhuan yihai hejie fuping shangtong” [Repatriating Human Remains to Ease the Pain]. (Accessed Feburary 2, 2020).
  46. 馮靖惠,2017b,〈莫那魯道、馬遠事件⋯學者籲台灣建立人骨歸還制度〉,https://udn.com/news/story/7266/2545202?from=udn-referralnews_ch2artbottom,查閱時間:2020/02/20。Feng, Jing-hui. 2017b. “Monaludao mayuanshijian xuezhe yu taiwan jianli renguguihuan zhidu” [Mona Rudo and the Mayuan Case: Scholar urges to establish Human Bone’s Return System]. (Accessed Feburary 2, 2020).
  47. 馮靖惠,2019,〈返還先人遺骨協商馬遠部落:有感受台大誠意〉,https://udn.com/news/story/6928/4202147,查閱時間:2020/02/20。Feng, Jing-hui. 2017b. “Fanhuan xianren yigu xieshang mayuan buluo you ganshou taida chengyi” [The Negotiation of Ancient Bones: Mayuan Tribe says that They Feel NTU’s Sincerity]. (Accessed Feburary 2, 2020).
  48. 馮靖惠,2017a,〈人類學研究台大:願返還馬遠祖先遺骨〉,https://udn.com/news/story/7314/2546232,查閱時間:2020/02/20。Feng, Jing-hui. 2017a. “Renleixue yanjiu Taida: yuan fanhai mayuan zuxian yigu” [Anthropological Research: National Taiwan University: We are Willing to Return the Human Remains of Mayuan Ancestors]. (Accessed Feburary 2, 2020).
  49. 黃之棟, Chih-tung,許立一, Li-yi(2019)。自治的善治課題:邁向原住民族自治治理時的考驗。文官制度季刊,11(2),63-93。
  50. 監察院,2017,〈布農族人要求臺大返還先人遺骨監察院副院長孫大川關切申請自動調查〉,https://www.cy.gov.tw/sp.asp?xdURL=./di/Message/message_1.asp&ctNode=903&mp=1&msg_id=6002,查閱時間:2020/02/20。The Control Yuan. 2017. “Bunong zuren yaoqiu taida fanhu anxian renyigu jianchayuan fuyuanzhang sundachuan guanqie shenqing zidong diaocha” [Bunun People Asked National Taiwan University to Return the Remains of Their Ancestors: Vice President of the Control Yuan, Sun Tachuan, Expressed His Concerns and Initiated an Investigation]. (Accessed Feburary 2, 2020).
  51. 鄭惠英, Huei-ying(1997)。遺骸暨文物歸還原主行動:以美加為例。博物館學季刊,11(1),71-75。