工業文明、理性秩序與自由主義：從柯靈烏的日耳曼群氓說談民主的野蠻

Industrial Civilisation, Rational Order and Liberalism: On the Barbarity of Democracy from Collingwood's German Herd Discourse

10.6683/TPSR.202206_26(1).0003

劉佳昊(Jia-Hau Liu)

柯靈烏 ； 群氓政治 ； 文明開化 ； 自由主義 ； 工具理性 ； Collingwood ； Herd Politics ； Civilisation ； Liberalism ； Instrumental Rationality

台灣政治學刊

26卷1期（2022 / 06 / 01）

97 - 134

繁體中文;英文

20世紀的殘酷戰爭，為歐洲文明帶來了眾多挑戰。身為歷史與政治思想學者，柯靈烏爬梳了歐洲文明的發展軌跡，以及現代歐洲野蠻主義（barbarism）興起的條件。隨著理性思想和工業技術文化的蓬勃發展，柯靈烏認為，歐洲文明固有的文明性（civility）卻弔詭地逐漸失去了化育自身的沃土，而正是在此歐洲文明遭遇危機的處境下，德意志邦國為追求政治自由與獨立所創造的民族神話，成為了納粹德國假借民主程序掌權的契機。就此而言，柯靈烏提出的「日耳曼群氓說」（German Herd Discourse）固然帶有英法西歐文明對德意志文化的歧見，但依柯靈烏之見，野蠻主義非只會發生在特定的民族場域裡，而可從任何自由民主政體中萌發。準此，本文將透過梳理柯靈烏針對歐洲文明和野蠻主義發展的過程及條件所做辨析，探討柯靈烏從人類心智的理性與情感，以及現代政治運作的貴族和民主原則兩個面向，來解釋文明與野蠻、自由與民主之交錯關聯的哲學論述。在此世界政局紛擾之際，柯靈烏對於文明與野蠻、自由與民主提出的深刻洞見與警語，或值得吾人深思。

The brutal wars of the 20th century have had a profound impact on European civil societies. As a historian and a political thought scholar, Collingwood explored the developmental process of European civilisation and the conditions for modern European barbarianism. In Collingwood's view, the vital foundation of European civilisation's civility had gradually died away when Enlightenment thought and the industrial technological culture emerged. Taking this crisis of European civilisation as the background, Collingwood considered it to be one of the conditions for the Nazis to seize power via democratic procedures by means of their propaganda based on the myth of the German nation, which was allegedly created for the independence and autonomy of the Germans. Indeed, the German Herd Discourse developed in Collingwood's analysis had its prejudices owing to his Anglo-French cultural background. However, for Collingwood barbarism was not confined to a certain national circumstance, but was rather a phenomenon which can appear in each liberal democratic regime. This article thus explores Collingwood's analysis of the development of European civilisation and the conditions for barbarism, while also discussing Collingwood's study of the rational and non-rational aspects of the human mind and its relationship with the two principles of modern politics, namely, the aristocracy and democratic principles. In addition, this study probes into how Collingwood articulated the close connections between civilisation and barbarity, and liberty and democracy, through his work and analysis. As we are now living in a turbulent time, Collingwood's findings regarding the nature of civilisation and barbarity and of liberty and democracy may give us further insights.

1. 沈有忠, Yu-chung(2006)。從帝國到共和：一九一八年的德國革命與一九一九年的威瑪憲法。問題與研究，45(1)，29-51。
   連結：
2. 梁文韜, Man-to(2004)。政治經濟學的哲學基礎、性質與方法論：古典效益主義思想家的觀點。政治與社會哲學評論，10，33-82。
   連結：
3. 陳建綱, Brian Chien-kang(2017)。效益主義的發軔：初探邊沁的政治思想。人文及社會科學集刊，29(4)，527-562。
   連結：
4. Boucher, David(1989).The Social and Political Thought of R. G. Collingwood.Cambridge, UK:Cambridge University Press.
5. Boucher, David(2018).Appropriating Hobbes: Legacies in Political, Legal, and International Thought.Oxford, UK:Oxford University Press.
6. Collingwood, Robin G. 1924. Speculum Mentis: Or, The Map of Knowledge. Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press.
7. Collingwood, Robin G.,Boucher, David(ed.)(1989).Essays in Political Philosophy.Oxford, UK:Clarendon Press.
8. Collingwood, Robin G.,Boucher, David(ed.)(1992).The New Leviathan: Or, Man, Society, Civilization, and Barbarism.Oxford, UK:Clarendon Press.
9. Collingwood, Robin G.,Boucher, David(ed.),James, Wendy(ed.),Smallwood, Philip(ed.)(2005).The Philosophy of Enchantment: Studies in Folktale, Cultural Criticism, and Anthropology.Oxford, UK:Clarendon Press.
10. Collingwood, Robin G.,Rubinoff, Lionel(ed.)(1968).Faith and Reason: Essays in the Philosophy of Religion.Chicago, IL:Quadrangle Books.
11. Connelly, James(2003).Metaphysics, Method and Politics: The Political Philosophy of R. G. Collingwood.Exeter, UK:Imprint Academic.
12. De Ruggiero, Guido. 1927. The History of European Liberalism. Collingwood, Robin G., trans. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. Translated from Storia del liberalismo europeo. 1925.
13. Dewey, John. 1942. German Philosophy and Politics (Revised Edition). New York, NY: G.P. Putnam's Sons.
14. Habermas, Jürgen,Pensky, Max(trans.)(2001).The Postnational Constellation: Political Essays.Cambridge, MA:MIT Press.
15. Japers, Karl,Paul, Eden(trans.),Paul, Cedar(trans.)(2010).Man in the Modern Age.London, UK:Routledge.
16. Johnson, Peter(2013).A Philosopher and Appeasement: R.G. Collingwood and the Second World War.Exeter, UK:Imprint Academic.
17. Milne, Alan J. M.(1995).Civilization and the Open Society: Collingwood and Popper.Philosophy, History and Civilization: Interdisciplinary Perspectives on R. G. Collingwood,Cardiff, UK:
18. Mink, Louis O.(1969).Mind, History, and Dialectic: the Philosophy of R. G. Collingwood.Bloomington, IN:Indiana University Press.
19. Murphy, Richard(2008).Collingwood and the Crisis of Western Civilisation.Exeter, UK:Imprint Academic.
20. Oakeshott, Michael(1991).Rationalism in Politics and Other Essays.Carmel, IN:Liberty Fund.
21. Popper, Karl(1966).The Open Society and Its Enemies: Volume II: The High Tide of Prophecy.London, UK:Routledge and Kegan Paul.
22. Swift、 Jonathan,單德興（譯注）, Te-hsing(Trans.)(2004).格理弗遊記.台北=Taipei:聯經=Linking.
23. Van der Dussen, Jan(1995).Collingwood on the Ideas of Progress, Process, and Civilization.Philosophy, History and Civilization: Interdisciplinary Perspectives on R. G. Collingwood,Cardiff, UK:
24. 余英時, Ying-shih(1976).歷史與思想.台北=Taipei:聯經=Linking.
25. 陳思賢, Sy-shyan(2006).西洋政治思想史：現代英國篇.台北=Taipei:五南=Wunan.
26. 蔡英文, Ying-wen(2002).政治實踐與公共空間.台北=Taipei:聯經=Linking.