史籍與虛幻的曲折建構──論《三國演義》中的「九伐中原」

Constructions of Twists and Turns with Historic Records and Fictions - Discussion on the "Nine Expeditions against the Central Plains" in the Three Kingdoms

王潤農(Wang, Juen-Nung)

《三國演義》 ； 姜維 ； 九伐中原 ； 羅貫中 ； 毛宗崗 ； Three Kingdoms ； Jiang Wei ； Nine Expeditions against the Central Plains ； Luo Guanzhong ； Mao Tsunggang

東吳中文學報

45期（2023 / 05 / 01）

55 - 86

繁體中文;英文

《三國演義》中的「九伐中原」，在小說結構上必須延續諸葛亮「六出祁山」的恢弘氣勢。然觀諸史籍，姜維北伐敗多勝少，《三國志》、《通鑑》對此事貶多於譽，顯見作家建構「九伐中原」時面對的困境與挑戰。事實上，姜維北伐共十一次，然羅貫中斷然刪除前三次戰役，以延熙十二年夏侯霸來降一事作為北伐起點，並安排姜維擊敗司馬師。羅氏在「三伐中原」前刪除「狄道之捷」，其割捨小勝的「狄道之捷」，意在強調「洮西大捷」的「大破之」三字。「四伐」敗戰，羅氏深知「五伐」是系列戰的分水嶺，刻意在退兵時將責任歸屬諸葛誕，以使姜維之氣勢不至一洩千里。羅氏虛構「六伐」、「七伐」舒緩終結之戰的憾恨，以史籍中「退屯踏中」作為「八伐」，將蜀軍的劣勢鋪寫成姜維逼退鄧艾，卻因小人進讒而無以延續戰果，故能「雖敗猶榮」。「九伐中原」雖在羅貫中筆下完成主要架構，但仍待毛宗崗評點的一錘定音。因為羅貫中其實只寫了「八伐」，故毛氏巧用評點定調「夫為取魏而屯田，雖謂之九伐焉可也」，更貫徹朱熹《通鑑綱目》的蜀漢正統論，改「犯」為「伐」，完成「九伐中原」的藝術結構。

The "Nine Expeditions against the Central Plains" in the Three Kingdoms must continue the glorious momentum of Zhuge Liang's "Six Northern Expeditions", thus is a great challenge to the writer. However, in the historic records, Jiang Wei was defeated more than he won the battle in the northern expeditions. San Guo Zhi and Tong Jian recorded more criticizing remarks than praises on his losses; it is obvious that the writer faced great dilemma and challenges in the construction of the part of "Nine Expeditions against the Central Plains". In fact, Jiang Wei went on 11 northern expeditions, but Luo Guanzhong omitted the first three battles, and started the story on the northern expeditions with the surrender of Xiahou Ba in year 249. Luo also arranged the plot of Jiang Wei defeating Sima Shi. The minor win of "Victory in Didao", which took place before the "Third Northern Expedition", was deleted by Luo in order to stress the "grand defeat" in the "Great Victory of Taoxi". Given the defeat in the "Fourth Northern Expedition", Luo knew that the "Fifth Northern Expedition" was the dividing line in the series battles. Hence, he blamed the responsibility of withdrawing troops on Zhuge Dan, so that Jiang Wei would not lose his momentum. Later, Luo fabricated the "Six Northern Expedition", and used the "Seventh Northern Expedition" to ease the regrets in ending the battles. He also used "Withdrawing to Tazhong" in the historic records as the "Eighth Northern Expedition", and portrayed the disadvantages of Shu troops as "glorious defeat", which described Jiang Wei forcing the retreat of Deng Ai but did not win the battle because of slandering. Although the main structure of "Nine Expeditions against the Central Plains" was completed by Luo, the plot was yet to be judged by Mao Zonggang's critique. Since Luo only mentioned "eight expeditions", Mao critiqued that "how could it be called nine expeditions when the man garrisoned fields to take Wei". Mao also followed the Shu-Han legitimism in Zhu Xi's Tong Jian Gang Mu, and changed "fan" (invasion) to "fa" (expedition), so as to complete the artistic structure of "Nine Expeditions against the Central Plains".

1. 田浩(2002)。史學與文化思想：司馬光對諸葛亮故事的重建。中央研究院歷史語言研究所集刊，73(1)，165-204。
   連結：
2. （宋）司馬光,楊家駱（編）(1972).新校資治通鑑注.臺北:世界書局.
3. （明）羅貫中(1979).（明弘治版）三國志通俗演義.臺北:新文豐出版公司.
4. （明）羅貫中,（清）毛宗崗（批評）(2006).毛宗崗批評本三國演義.湖南:岳麓書社.
5. （晉）常璩,任乃強（校注）(2009).華陽國志校補圖注.上海:上海古籍出版社.
6. （晉）陳壽(1980).三國志.臺北:鼎文書局.
7. （清）王夫之(1985).讀通鑑論（宋論合刊）.臺北:里仁書局.
8. （清）永瑢,（清）紀昀(2001).武英殿本四庫全書總目提要.臺北:臺灣商務印書館股份有限公司.
9. （漢）班固(1980).漢書.臺北:鼎文書局.
10. 中川諭,林妙燕（譯）(2010).《三國志演義》版本研究.上海:上海古籍出版社.
11. 天行健(2006).正品三國.石家莊:花山文藝出版社.
12. 王文進(2017).裴松之《三國志注》新論——三國史的解構與重建.臺北:新文豐出版社.
13. 李正學(2007)。山東，山東師範大學中國語文學系。
14. 李志宏(2011).「演義」——明代四大奇書敘事.臺北:大安出版社.
15. 李殿元,李邵先(1994).《三國演義》中的懸案.成都:四川人民出版社.
16. 李蘭(2008)。略論姜維。湖南第一師範學報，8(2)，93-95。
17. 周冉,胡淑娟(2014)。試論姜維形象的史學與文學轉型。吉林省教育學院學報，30(3)，140-142。
18. 周建瑜(2009).多重視野中的《三國志通俗演義》.北京:中國社會科學出版社.
19. 洪素珍(2013)。《三國演義》中姜維的悲劇形象探討。有鳳初鳴年刊，9，192-211。
20. 浦安迪,沈亨壽（譯）(2006).明代小說四大奇書.北京:生活・讀書‧新知三聯書店.
21. 符麗平(2015)。《三國演義》「七擒孟獲」情節源流考。西華師範大學學報（哲學社會科學版），2015(1)，39-44。
22. 郭楊(2004)。孔明事業繼承人的悲劇形象——論姜維藝術形象的塑造。中國文學研究，2004(2)，96-98。
23. 陳翔華(2006).三國志演義縱論.臺北:文津出版社.
24. 黃曉陽(1997)。姜維論。成都大學學報（社會科學版），1997(1)，80-81。
25. 楊義(2006).中國古典小說十二講（插圖本）.香港:三聯書店.
26. 雷家驥(1990).中古史學觀念史.臺北:臺灣學生書局.
27. 趙令揚(1976).關於歷代正統問題之爭論.香港:學津出版社.
28. 鄭鐵生(2000).三國演義敘事藝術.北京:新華出版社.
29. 禚夢庵(1969).三國人物論集.臺北:臺灣商務印書館.
30. 燕永成(2005).南宋史學研究.蘭州:甘肅人民出版社.
31. 諶志華(1998)。立志功名而玩眾黷旅——論姜維的九伐中原。培訓與研究——湖北教育學院學報，1998(4)，21-23。
32. 魏安(1996).三國演義版本考.上海:上海古籍出版社.
33. 饒宗頤(1979).中國史學上之正統論.臺北:宗青出版公司.
34. 蘭立(2012)。遼寧，渤海大學中國語文學系。