题名

Adolescents' Environmental Attitudes and Behaviors: Analyzing the Opportunities and Constraints of Their Friendship Network Structure

并列篇名

青少年的環境意識與行動：社會影響網絡的機會與限制

DOI

10.7014/SRMA.2018090004

作者

張志堯(Chih-Yao Chang)

关键词

New Ecological Paradigm ； social network analysis ； friendship ； network features ； social influence ； 新生態典範 ； 網絡分析 ； 友誼關係 ； 網絡特徵 ； 社會影響

期刊名称

調查研究-方法與應用

卷期/出版年月

40期（2018 / 09 / 01）

页次

167 - 210

内容语文

英文
中文摘要

In this paper, I profile the attitude, belief, and behavior of adolescents with regard to environmental issues via a nationwide survey to illustrate the extent to which our younger generation practices environmentalism. The opportunities and constraints of their friendship networks on disseminating the New Ecological Paradigm (NEP) are further discussed. This discussion is based upon Simmel's sociation theory, the degree to which one's social interactions shape and reshape his/her values and actions, which results in opportunities and constraints for developing environmental education. The data collection is based on the nationwide in-school adolescent population in three age cohorts (first-year students of junior high school, high school, and college students, respectively) in 2015. The total sample size is 1,320, but the college respondens were too few to be included in the discussion here. By using social network analysis (SNA), I am able to place the following key network features of sociation: multi-dimensional friendship structures, eigenvector centrality, network constraint, network closeness, and susceptibility into the model. The findings show that adolescents had a low level of environmental engagement (only approximately five percent of our respondents displayed high environmental awareness, and even fewer had ever participated in environmental movements). Besides, the link between social and environmental engagement was of high network constraint and low eigenvector centrality, which indicates that environmental education in junior high must be highly peer-centered to spread. Moreover, popular high school students with higher levels of environmental engagement might have more influence among their peer networks, since they have stronger links to others and greater chances to help their peers become more sympathetic towards environmental problems.
英文摘要

在本研究中，我以臺灣地區青少年抽樣調查的資料，剖析青少年對於環境議題的了解與參與環境保護運動的程度，並探討友誼網絡與新生態典範主義之間的關係。社會網絡的觀點乃是基於Georg Simmel的sociation理論，探討友誼網絡特性對青少年養成環境保護認知的影響。資料蒐集的方式是利用一項臺灣青少年生活現況調查計畫，於2015年抽樣調查當時國一新生、高一新生以及大學－新生共1,320名的資料，進行臺灣青少年環境意識與友誼網絡分析，但由於大學－新生樣本數不足，故在分析上，僅以國高中生的結果進行討論。友誼網絡分析部分，我著重於探討多重友誼關係以及中心性、連結限制性、臨近性和易感性等結構特徵。研究發現臺灣青少年普遍環境意識皆不高並缺乏環保行動力。國中生友誼網絡是扁平，訊息傳遞或資訊分享有較高的效率，故環境意識培養應以其內部社群影響力推動較適當。高中生則是有較高環境意識的一群人在同儕之間扮演功能性的友誼角色，有助於向同儕推廣環境教育的知識與實踐。
主题分类 社會科學 > 社會科學綜合
参考文献
  1. Ajzen, I.(1988).Attitudes, Personality, and Behavior.Chicago, IL:Dorsey Press.
  2. Ajzen, I.,Fishbein, M.(1980).Understanding Attitudes and Predicting Social Behavior.Englewood Cliffs, NJ:Prentice-Hall.
  3. Albrecht, D.,Bultena, G.,Hoiberg, E.,Nowak, P.(1982).Measuring Environmental Concern: The New Environmental Paradigm Scale.The Journal of Environmental Education,13(3),39-43.
  4. Bavelas, A.(1950).Communication Patterns in Task-Oriented Groups.Journal of the Acoustical Society of America,22(6),725-730.
  5. Bonacich, P.(1987).Power and Centrality: A Family of Measures.American Journal of Sociology,92(5),1170-1182.
  6. Brechwald, W. A.,Prinstein, M. J.(2011).Beyond Homophily: A Decade of Advances in Understanding Peer Influence Processes.Journal of Research on Adolescence,21(1),166-179.
  7. Burk, W. J.,Steglich, C. E. G.,Snijders, T. A. B.(2007).Beyond Dyadic Interdependence: Actor-Oriented Models for Co-Evolving Social Networks and Individual Behaviors.International Journal of Behavioral Development,31(4),397-404.
  8. Burt, R. S.(1976).Positions in Networks.Social Forces,55(1),93-122.
  9. Burt, R. S.(2004).Structural Holes and Good Ideas.American Journal of Sociology,110(2),349-399.
  10. Buttel, F. H.(1987).New Directions in Environmental Sociology.Annual Review of Sociology,13,465-488.
  11. Carson, R.(1962).Silent Spring.Boston, MA:Houghton Mifflin.
  12. Castaneda, M. G.,Martinez, C. P.,Marte, R.,Roxas, B.(2015).Explaining the Environmentally-Sustainable Consumer Behavior: A Social Capital Perspective.Social Responsibility Journal,11(4),658-676.
  13. Catton, W. R., Jr.,Dunlap, R. E.(1980).A New Ecological Paradigm for Post-Exuberant Sociology.American Behavioral Scientist,24(1),15-47.
  14. Catton, W. R., Jr.,Dunlap, R. E.(1994).Struggling with Human Exemptionalism: The Rise, Decline, and Revitalization of Environmental Sociology.The American Sociologist,25(1),5-30.
  15. Catton, W. R., Jr.,Dunlap, R. E.(1978).Environmental Sociology: A New Paradigm.The American Sociologist,13(1),41-49.
  16. Cordano, M.,Welcomer, S. A.,Scherer, R. F.(2003).An Analysis of the Predictive Validity of the New Ecological Paradigm Scale.The Journal of Environmental Education,34(3),22-28.
  17. Corral-Verdugo, V.,Armendáriz, L. I.(2000).The 'New Environmental Paradigm' in a Mexican Community.Journal of Environmental Education,31(3),25-31.
  18. Dalton, R. J.(ed.),Garb, P.(ed.),Lovrich, N. P.(ed.),Pierce, J. C.(ed.),Whiteley, J. M.(ed.)(1999).Critical Mases: Citizens, Nuclear Weapons Production, and Environmental Destruction in the United States and Russia.Cambridge, MA:The MIT Press.
  19. Dunlap, R. E.,Buttel, F. H.,Dickens, P.,Gijswijt, A.(2002).Sociological Theory and the Environment: Classical Foundations, Contemporary Insights.Lanham, Maryland:Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.
  20. Dunlap, R. E.,Liere, K. D. V.,Mertig, A. G.,Jones, R. E.(2000).New Trends in Measuring Environmental Attitudes: Measuring Endorsement of the New Ecological Paradigm: A Revised NEP Scale.Journal of Social Issues,56(3),425-442.
  21. Dunlap, R.,Catton, W. R., Jr.(1979).Environmental Sociology.Annual Review of Sociology,5,243-273.
  22. Edgell, M. C. R.,Nowell, D. E.(1989).The New Environmental Paradigm Scale: Wildlife and Environmental Beliefs in British Columbia.Society & Natural Resources,2(1),285-296.
  23. Festinger, L.(1954).A Theory of Social Comparison Processes.Human Relations,7(2),117-140.
  24. Festinger, L.(1950).Informal Social Communication.Psychological Review,57(5),271-282.
  25. Freeman, L. C.(1978).Centrality in Social Networks Conceptual Clarification.Social Networks,1(3),215-239.
  26. Friedkin, N. E.(2001).Formation in Social Influence Networks.Social Networks,23(3),167-189.
  27. Friedkin, N. E.(1998).A Structural Theory of Social Influence.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
  28. Fu, Yang-Chih,Chang, Ying-Hwa,Tu, Su-hao,Liao, Pei-shan(2014).,Nangang, Taipei:Institute of Sociology, Academia Sinica.
  29. Gatens-Robinson, E.,Gilligan, C.(1986).In a Different Voice: Psychological Theory and Women's Development.The Personalist Forum,2(2),150-152.
  30. Granovetter, M. S.(1973).The Strength of Weak Ties.American Journal of Sociology,78(6),1360-1380.
  31. Gray, D. B.,Weigel, R. H.(1985).Ecological Beliefs and Behaviors: Assessment and Change.London:Greenwood Press.
  32. Gupta, S.,Ogden, D.(2009).To Buy or Not to Buy? A Social Dilemma Perspective on Green Buying.Journal of Consumer Marketing,26(6),376-391.
  33. Hallinan, M. T.,Williams, R. A.(1990).Students' Characteristics and the Peer-Influence Process.Sociology of Education,63(2),122-132.
  34. Hirschi, T.(2002).Causes of Delinquency.Piscataway, NJ:Transaction.
  35. Hogg, M. A.,Abrams, D.,Otten, S.,Hinkle, S.(2004).The Social Identity Perspective: Intergroup Relations, Self-Conception and Small Groups.Small Group Research,35(3),246-276.
  36. Kandel, D. B.(1978).Similarity in Real-Life Adolescent Friendship Pairs.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,36(3),306-312.
  37. Kotchen, M. J.,Reiling, S. D.(2000).Environmental Attitude, Motivations, and Contingent Valuation of Nonuse Values: A Case Study Involving Endangered Species.Ecological Economics,32(1),93-107.
  38. Lalonde, R.,Jackson, E. L.(2002).The New Environmental Paradigm Scale: Has It Outlived Its Usefulness?.The Journal of Environmental Education,33(4),28-36.
  39. Leeming, F. C.,Dwyer, W. O.,Bracken, B. A.(1995).Children's Environmental Attitude and Knowledge Scale: Construction and Validation.The Journal of Environmental Education,26(3),22-31.
  40. Lin, N.(2002).Social Capital: A Theory of Social Structure and Action.New York:Cambridge University Press.
  41. Lin, N.(1999).Building a Network Theory of Social Capital.Connections,22(1),28-51.
  42. Lin, N.(1999).Social Networks and Status Attainment.Annual Review of Sociology,25,467-487.
  43. Lundmark, C.(2007).The New Ecological Paradigm Revisited: Anchoring the NEP Scale in Environmental Ethics.Environmental Education Research,13(3),329-347.
  44. Marsden, P. V.,Lin, N.(1982).Social Structure and Network Analysis.Beverly Hills, California:Sage Publications.
  45. Mohai, P.(1992).Men, Women, and the Environment: An Examination of the Gender Gap in Environmental Concern and Activism.Society & Natural Resources,5(1),1-19.
  46. Moody, J.(2001).Peer Influence Groups: Identifying Dense Clusters in Large Networks.Social Networks,23(4),261-283.
  47. Nelms, C.,Allen, M. W.,Craig, C. A.,Riggs, S.(2017).Who is the Adolescent Environmentalist? Environmental Attitudes, Identity, Media Usage and Communication Orientation.Environmental Communication,11(4),537-553.
  48. Nepal, S. K.(2008).Residents' Attitudes to Tourism in Central British Columbia, Canada.Tourism Geographies,10(1),42-65.
  49. O'Riordan, T.(1973).Some Reflections on Environmental Attitudes and Environmental Behavior.Area,5(1),17-21.
  50. Prinstein, M. J.(ed.),Dodge, K. A.(ed.)(2008).Understanding Peer Influence in Children and Adolescents.New York:Guilford.
  51. R Core Team, 2015, R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. Vienna: R Foundation for Statistical Computing. Retrieved July 14, 2016 (https://www.r-project.org/).
  52. Rauwald, K. S.,Moore, C. F.(2002).Environmental Attitudes as Predictors of Policy Support across Three Countries.Environment and Behavior,34(6),709-739.
  53. Redclift, M. R.(ed.),Woodgate, G.(ed.)(1997).International Handbook of Environmental Sociology.London:Edward Elgar.
  54. Ritchie, R. A.,Meca, A.,Madrazo, V. L.,Schwartz, S. J.,Hardy, S. A.,Zamboanga, B. L.,Weisskirch, R. S.,Kim, S. Y.,Whitbourne, S.K.,Ham, L. S.,Lee, R. M.(2013).Identity Dimensions and Related Processes in Emerging Adulthood: Helpful or Harmful?.Journal of Clinical Psychology,69(4),415-432.
  55. Roper, E., 1940, “Classifying Respondents by Economic Status.” The Public Opinion Quarterly 4(2): 270-272.
  56. Sherif, M., 1936, The Psychology of Social Norms. New York: Harper.
  57. Simmel, G., 1949, “The Sociology of Sociability.” Translated by E. C. Hughes. American Journal of Sociology 55(3): 254-261.
  58. Simmel, G.,1909, “The Problem of Sociology.” The American Journal of Sociology 15(3): 289-320.
  59. Stern, P. C.,Dietz, Tomas,Guangnano, Gregory(1995).The New Ecological Paradigm in Social-Psychological Context.Environment and Behavior,27(6),723-745.
  60. Taylor, S.,Todd, P.(1995).An Integrated Model of Waste Management Behavior: a Test of Household Recycling and Composting Intentions.Environment and Behavior,27(5),603-630.
  61. Thompson, S. C.,Stoutemyer, K.(1991).Water Use as a Commons Dilemma: The Effects of Education That Focuses on Long-Term Consequences and Individual Action.Environment and Behavior,23(3),314-333.
  62. Weaver, R. D.(1996).Prosocial Behavior: Private Contributions to Agriculture's Impact on the Environment.Land Economics,72(2),231-247.
  63. Wolff, K. H.,Wolff, K. H.(Trans.)(1950).The Sociology of Georg Simmel.Glencoe, IL:The Free Press.
  64. Wu, Chyi-In(2014).Research Project funded by Ministry of Science and TechnologyResearch Project funded by Ministry of Science and Technology,未出版
print cancel