台灣半導體產業的公司治理跨坐網絡趨勢（2000-2015）：朝向小世界網絡特性

Trend of Interlocking Networks of Corporate Governance in Taiwan's Semiconductor Industry (2000-2015): Toward Small World Network

10.7014/SRMA.2018090005

林季誼(Chi-Yi Lin)；熊瑞梅(Ray-May Hsung)

公司治理 ； 董監事跨坐網絡 ； 大股東跨坐網絡 ； 小世界網絡 ； 半導體產業 ； corporate governance ； interlocked networks of board directors ； interlocked networks of large owners ； small world networks ； semiconductor industry

調查研究-方法與應用

40期（2018 / 09 / 01）

211 - 263

繁體中文

全球化資本流動與全球金融危機迫使各國公司治理的董事跨坐網絡產生結構斷裂重組，且這些網絡朝向小世界網絡的趨勢。本文引進小世界網絡的結構特質的相關指標，並應用在台灣半導體產業從2000-2015年的董監事與大股東跨坐網絡（亦稱為公司治理跨坐網絡）的趨勢分析。小世界網絡的結構特質是當網絡成員增加為大型網絡，網絡的最大成分的節點平均局部的網絡群聚群係數是增加的，且節點間的路徑距離縮短了。若真實網絡與隨機網絡的平均局部群聚係數的比值越大，且真實網絡和隨機網絡的平均最短距離的比值趨近於1到2之間，則此巨大且複雜的網絡具有小世界網絡的現象。台灣的半導體產業知識技術與資本的全球化快速增加，2000-2015年的跨董監事與跨大股東網絡變遷趨勢有朝向小世界網絡的現象。小世界網絡的特質也會隨著經濟成長和衰退而變化，關鍵的技術經理、創投、獨立董事專家學者及投資機構法人的網絡居間中心位置在網絡跨界重新連結上扮演重要橋樑者角色。

Both the mobility of globalized capital and the global financial crisis have fractured the interlocking networks of board directors, producing structural breaks and causing connections to be rewired, and these networks are approaching a trend toward small world networks. This paper applies the related indexes of structural characteristics in small world networks in trend analyses of interlocking networks of board directors and large stock owners (also called interlocking networks of corporate governance) in Taiwan’s semiconductor industry from 2000 to 2015. The structural characteristics of small world networks are that the average local clustering coefficient for all points is increasing and the average path distance for all points to other points is shorter in the largest component of networks when the size of networks (i.e. number of members) becomes large. If the ratio of the average local clustering for actual networks over that for random networks is growing, and the ratio of the average shortest distance for actual networks over that for random networks is between 1 and 2, then the large and complex networks display the phenomenon of small world networks. The globalization of knowledge, technology and capital in Taiwan's semiconductor industry has increased rapidly, and there has been a trend toward the phenomenon of small world networks for the 2000-2015 interlocking networks of board directors and large owners in this industry. The small world phenomenon varies with economic growth and recession. The critical positions of betweenness for technological managers, venture capitalist, scholars for independent board directors, and institutional investors play important roles of brokerage.

1. 李宗榮(2007)。在國家權力與家族主義之間：企業控制與臺灣大型企業間網絡再探。台灣社會學，13，173-242。
   連結：
2. 李宗榮(2016)。企業權力與民主：台灣企業集團2008 年立委選舉的政治獻金分析。台灣社會學，31，99-139。
   連結：
3. 李宗榮(2009)。制度變遷與市場網絡：台灣大型企業間董監事跨坐的歷史考察（1962-2003）。台灣社會學，17，101-160。
   連結：
4. Barabási, Albert-Laszlo,Albert, Ráka(1999).Emergence of Scaling in Random Networks.Science,286(5439),509-512.
5. Davis, Gerald,Yoo, Mina,Baker, Wayne E.(2003).The Small World of the American Corporate Elite, 1982-2001.Strategic Organization,1(3),301-326.
6. Dodds, Peter Sheridam,Muhamad, Roby,Watts, Duncan J.(2003).An Experimental Study of Search in Global Social Networks.Science,301(5634),827-829.
7. Erdös, P.,Rényi, A.(1959).On Random Graphs, I..Publicationes Mathematicae,6,290-297.
8. Erikson, Emily,Bearman, Peter(2006).Malfeasance and the Foundations for Global Trade: The Structure of English Trade in the East Indies, 1601-1833.American Journal of Sociology,112(1),195-230.
9. Fass, Craig,Ginelli, Mike,Turtle, Brain(1996).Six Degrees of Kevin Bacon.Plume Books.
10. Feenstra, R. C.,Hamilton, Gary G.(2006).Emergent Economies, Divergent Paths: Economic Organization and International Trade in South Korea and Taiwan.New York:Cambridge University Press.
11. Kogut, Bruce(ed.)(2012).The Small Worlds of Corporate Governance.Boston:MIT Press.
12. Kogut, Bruce,Walker, Gordon(2001).The Small World of Germany and the Durability of National Networks.American Sociological Review,66(3),317-335.
13. Luo, Xiaowei,Chung, Chi-Nien(2005).Keeping It All in the Family: The Role of Particularistic Relationship in Business Group Performance during Institutional Transition.Administrative Science Quarterly,50(3),404-439.
14. Mathews, J.A.,Cho, D. S.(2000).Tiger Technology: The Creation of a Semiconductor Industry in East Asia.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
15. Milgram, Stanley(1967).The Small-World Problem.Psychology Today,1(1),60-67.
16. Mintz, B.,Schwartz, M.(1985).The Power Structure of American Business.Chicago, IL:University of Chicago Press.
17. Mizruchi, Mark Sheldon(1982).The American Corporate Network: 1904-1974.Beverley Hills, CA:Sage Publications.
18. Newman, Mark E. J.(2003).The Structure and Function of Complex Networks.SIAM Review,45(2),167-256.
19. Newman, Mark E. J.(2001).Scientific Collaboration Networks. II. Shortest Paths, Weighted Networks, and Centrality.Physical Review E,64(1),016132.
20. Newman, Mark E. J.,Watts, Duncan J.(1999).Renormalization Group Analysis of the Small-World Network Model.Physics Letters A,263(4),341-346.
21. Newman, Mark,Strogatz, Steven H.,Watts, Duncan J.(2001).Random Graphs with Arbitrary Degree Distributions and Their Applications.Physical Review E,64(2),026118.
22. Robins, Gary,Alexander, Malcom(2004).Small Worlds among Interlocking Directors: Network Structure and Distance in Bipartite Graphs.Computational and Mathematical Organization Theory,10(1),69-94.
23. Useem, Michael(1984).The Inner Circle: Large Corporations and the Rise of Business Political Activity in the U.S. and U.K..New York:Oxford University Press.
24. Uzzi, Brain,Amaral, Luis AN,Reed-Tsochas, Felix(2007).Small-World Networks and Management Science Research: A Review.European Management Review,4(2),77-91.
25. Uzzi, Brain,Spiro, Jarrett(2005).Collaboration and Creativity: The Small World Problem.American Journal of Sociology,111(2),447-504.
26. Wang, Jenn-Hwan(ed.),Hsung, Ray-May(ed.)(2016).Rethinking Social Capital and Entrepreneurship in Greater China.New York:Routledge.
27. 王振寰編、溫肇東編(2011)。家族企業還重要嗎？。台北:巨流。
28. 官逸人、熊瑞梅、林亦之(2013)。形塑董監事專業化的機制—以臺灣IC 產業2003年上市公司為例。產業與管理論壇，15(2)，4-29。
29. 洪佩華(2013)。碩士論文(碩士論文)。國立政治大學社會學研究所。
30. 陳東升(2008)。積體網路：臺灣高科技產業的社會學分析。台北:群學。
31. 葉銀華(2003)。家族控股集團、核心金業與報酬互動之研究—台灣與香港證券市場之比較。管理評論，18(2)，59-86。
32. 劉韻僖、葉匡時(1999)。企業監控之研究。經濟情勢暨評論，5(1)，1-22。