教育程度的再思考：大學生政治知識與態度的定群追蹤調查

Reconsidering the Measure of Educational Attainment: A Panel Study of Undergraduates' Political Knowledge and Attitudes

10.7014/SRMA.2019100002

陳光輝(Kuang-hui Chen)

政治社會化 ； 政治知識 ； 教育 ； 問卷設計 ； political socialization ； political knowledge ； education ； questionnaire design

調查研究-方法與應用

43期（2019 / 10 / 01）

45 - 88

繁體中文

由於高等教育的擴張，具有大學學歷的民眾所占比例日漸攀升。傳統的調查多以強調高低多寡的教育「程度」來測量受訪者的教育背景，而忽略了同等教育程度者當中的異質性。本文聚焦於「一般大學與技職大學」以及「公立大學與私立大學」這兩個學校屬性變項，以定群追蹤資料檢視就讀不同屬性大學學生的政治知識與態度是否有所差異。分析發現：相較於私立大學與技職大學學生，公立大學與一般大學的新生有較高程度的政治知識，也對社會運動有較為正面的態度。在大學教育過程中，就讀不同屬性學校學生之間的政治知識與態度間的顯著差異不僅持續維持，甚至有擴大的傾向。因此，因應高等教育擴張導致的影響，調查工作者應該針對受訪者教育背景的測量進行調整。我們建議針對完成高等教育之受訪者，於問卷中進一步追問他們所就讀大學的屬性，蒐集較為完整的資料。

The proportion of people with higher education degrees has substantially increased in the last few decades due to the rapid expansion of higher education in Taiwan. It is common in survey research to measure individuals' educational attainment in terms of the ＂level＂ of education they have attained, which ignores the possible heterogeneity among those who share the same level of educational attainment. Two factors are adopted to divide subgroups among undergraduate students: the first factor is whether the undergraduates surveyed are attending a public school or a private one; the second factor is whether the higher education institution the respondent is attending is a university or a vocational college. This paper thus aims to examine the political knowledge and attitudes possessed by a cohort of undergraduate students from a horizontal perspective to see whether there exists substantial deviation among the subgroups (public/private and university/ vocational college). The analysis of panel data indicates that first-year undergraduate students from different types of schools indeed possess unequal levels of political knowledge and attitudes. The gap not only remains significant during the period of attaining higher education, but becomes wider when it is assessed shortly before graduation. It is therefore recommended that survey research should revise the measurement of educational attainment as a response to the expansion of higher education. For respondents holding higher education degrees, we recommend adding questions in surveys to collect data on the type of university or college the respondents graduated from to gather more complete data, and this information should be useful for future studies on similar topics.

1. 林聰吉, Tsong-Jyi(2007)。解析台灣的民主政治：以民主支持度與滿意度為觀察指標。選舉研究，14(1)，61-84。
   連結：
2. 林聰吉, Tsong-Jyi,王淑華, Shu-Hua(2007)。台灣民眾政治知識的變遷與來源。東吳政治學報，25(3)，93-129。
   連結：
3. 林瓊珠, Chiung-chu(2005)。台灣民眾的政治知識：1992~2000 年的變動。選舉研究，12(1)，141-171。
   連結：
4. 張芳全, Fang-Chung(2011)。家長教育程度、文化資本、自我抱負、學習興趣與數學成就之關係研究。臺中教育大學學報，25(1)，29-56。
   連結：
5. 盛治仁, Emile Chih-Jen(2003)。台灣民眾民主價值及政治信任感研究—政黨輪替前後的比較。選舉研究，10(1)，115-169。
   連結：
6. 陳光輝, Kuang-hui,蔡奇霖, Chi-Lin(2010)。學校教育與政治社會化：教育程度與自我認定的關連性。台灣政治學刊，14(1)，55-103。
   連結：
7. 陳陸輝, Luhuei,連偉廷, Wei-Ting(2008)。知性、黨性與資訊—台灣民眾政治效能感的分析。臺灣民主季刊，5(3)，121-156。
   連結：
8. 黃銘福, Ming-Fu,黃毅志,Yih-Jyh(2014)。台灣地區出身背景、國中學業成績與高中階段教育分流之關聯。教育實踐與研究，27(2)，67-98。
   連結：
9. 駱明慶, Ming-Ching(2002)。誰是台大學生？—性別、省籍和城鄉差異。經濟論文叢刊，30(1)，113-147。
   連結：
10. 駱明慶, Ming-Ching(2004)。升學機會與家庭背景。經濟論文叢刊，32(4)，417-445。
    連結：
11. 駱明慶, Ming-Ching(2018)。誰是台大學生？（2001- 2014）—多元入學的影響。經濟論文叢刊，26(1)，47-95。
    連結：
12. Beck, Paul Allen,Jennings, M. Kent(1982).Pathways to Participation.American Political Science Review,76(1),94-108.
13. Block, Jeanne H.,Haan, Norma,Smith, M. Brewster(1969).Socialization Correlates of Student Activism.Journal of Social Issues,25(4),143-177.
14. Breuer, Anita,Landman, Todd,Farquhar, Dorothea(2015).Social Media and Protest Mobilization: Evidence from the Tunisian Revolution.Democratization,22(4),764-792.
15. Campbell, Angus,Converse, Philip E.,Miller, Warren E.,Stokes, Donald E.(1960).The American Voter.New York:John Wiley and Sons.
16. Campbell, David E(2009).Civic Engagement and Education: An Empirical Test of the Sorting Model.American Journal of Political Science,53(4),771-786.
17. Conover, Pamela Johnston,Searing, Donald D.(2000).A Political Socialization Perspective.Rediscovering the Democratic Purposes of Education,Lawrence:
18. Dee, Thomas S.(2004).Are There Civic Returns to Education?.Journal of Public Economics,88(9-10),1679-1720.
19. Delli Carpini, Michael X.,Keeter, Scottor(1996).What American Know about Politics and Why it Matters.New Haven:Yale University Press.
20. Dudley, Robert L.,Gitelson, Alan R.(2003).Civic Education, Civic Engagement, and Youth Civic Development.Political Science & Politics,36(2),263-267.
21. Finkel, Steven E.,Ernst, Howard. R.(2005).Civic Education in Post-Apartheid South Africa: Alternative Paths to the Development of Political Knowledge and Democratic Values.Political Psychology,26(3),333-364.
22. Flacks, Richard(1967).The Liberated Generation: An Exploration of the Roots of Student Protest.Journal of Social Issues,23(3),52-75.
23. Gallego, Aina(2015).Unequal Political Participation Worldwide.New York:Cambridge University Press.
24. Galston, William. A.(2001).Political Kowledge, Political Engagement, and Civic Education.Annual Review of Political Science,4,217-234.
25. Guimond, Serge,Palmer, Douglas L.(1996).The Political Socialization of Commerce and Social Science Students: Epistemic Authority and Attitude Change.Journal of Applied Social Psychology,26(22),1985-2013.
26. Jennings, M. Kent(1996).Political Knowledge over Time and across Generations.The Public Opinion Quarterly,60(2),228-252.
27. Jennings, M. Kent,Stocker, Laura(2008).Another and Longer Look at the Impact of Higher Education on Political Involvement and Attitudes.2008 Midwest Political Science Association Convention,Chicago:
28. Langton, Kenneth P.,Jennings, M. Kent(1968).Political Socialization and the High School Civics Curriculum in the United States.American Political Science Review,62(3),852-867.
29. Luskin, Robert C(1990).Explaining Political Sophistication.Political Behavior,12(4),331-361.
30. Milligan, Kevin,Moretti, Enrico,Oreopoulos, Philip(2004).Does Education Improve Citizenship? Evidence from the United States and the United Kingdom.Journal of Public Economics,88(9-10),1667-1695.
31. Neuman, W. Russell(1986).The Paradox of Mass Politics: Knowledge and Opinion in the American Electorate.Cambridge, MA:Harvard University Press.
32. Nie, Norman,Junn, Jane,Stehlik-Barry, Kenneth(1996).Education and Citizenship in America.Chicago:University of Chicago Press.
33. Niemi, Richard G.,Junn, Jane(1998).Civic Education: What Make Students Learn.New Haven:Yale University Press.
34. Putnam, Robert D(2015).Our Kids: The American Dream in Crisis (First Simon & Schuster hardcover edition).New York:Simon & Schuster.
35. Seider, Scott(2012).The Influence of Parental Support on the Community Service Learning Experiences of American College Students.Education, Citizenship and Social Justice,7(3),271-288.
36. Stake, Jayne E.,Hoffmann, Frances L.(2001).Changes in Student Social Attitudes, Activism, and Personal Confidence in Higher Education: The Role of Women’s Studies.American Educational Research Journal,38(2),411-436.
37. Stover, William J.(2006).Moral Reasoning and Student Perception of the Middle East: Observation on Student Learning from an Internet Dialog.Journal of Political Science Education,2(1),73-88.
38. Verba, Sidney(2003).Would the Dream of Political Equality Turn out to Be a Nightmare?.Perspectives on Politics,1(4),663-679.
39. Verba, Sidney,Nie, Norman H.(1972).Participation in America.New York:Harper.
40. Verba, Sidney,Scholzman, Kay Lehman,Brady, Henry E.(1995).Voice and Equality: Civic Voluntarism in American Politics.Cambridge, MA:Harvard University Press.
41. Wolfinger, Raymond E.,Rosenstone, Steven J.(1980).Who Votes?.New Haven:Yale University Press.
42. 周新富, Hsin-Fu(2008)。社會階級對子女學業成就的影響—以家庭資源為分析架構。臺灣教育社會學研究，8(1)，1-43。
43. 林大森, Ta-Sen(2002)。高中╱高職的公立╱私立分流對地位取得之影響。教育與心理研究，25(上)，35-62。
44. 林大森, Ta-Sen(1999)。臺灣地區家庭背景對中等教育分流的影響：「高中╱高職」與「公立╱私立」差異的探討。東吳社會學報，8，35-77。
45. 洪昭明, Chaoming,陳光輝, Kuang-hui(2013)。教育程度與政治知識之關聯的再檢視。台灣選舉與民主化調查（TEDS）方法論之回顧與前瞻，台北=Taipei:
46. 陳陸輝, Luhuei(2016)。科技部補助專題研究計畫（成果報告）科技部補助專題研究計畫（成果報告）,台北=Taipei:。
47. 黃秀端, Shiou-duan(1996)。政治知識之認知與性別差異。東吳政治學報，5，27-50。
48. 黃秀端, Shiou-duan(1996)。台灣民眾政治容忍的分析。東吳政治學報，6，1-38。