题名 |
先秦威儀觀探論 |
并列篇名 |
The Concept of Weiyi in Pre-Qin |
DOI |
10.29624/CHJH.200606.0009 |
作者 |
王仁祥(Jen-Hsiang Wang) |
关键词 |
威儀 ; 敬德 ; 禮容 ; 觀人 ; weiyi ; ritual performance ; manwatching |
期刊名称 |
興大歷史學報 |
卷期/出版年月 |
17期(2006 / 06 / 01) |
页次 |
261 - 292 |
内容语文 |
繁體中文 |
中文摘要 |
「威儀」一詞屢見於先秦文獻中,一般多將之解釋為外表的風度儀態。但威儀一詞的意義,實隨著社會結構與時代風氣的變化而有所不同。威儀最初是指統治者內具之德的外在表現,此內具之德即統治者權力的來源,失去此德即失去其統治的正當性。紂王「喪威儀」即表示其內具之德已亡,故其政權為周人所取代。德原本屬於宗族群體,而西周中期以後,德的觀念逐漸個人化,威儀亦隨之而落實到個人的身上,個體人物之美漸受賞識。人稟受天德,加之以切磋琢磨,形之於身則為威儀棣棣,形之於世則為事功顯赫,故有「德─威儀─事功」的思維模式。在此模式之下,威儀可視為天人之間交互作用而展現在個體身上的儀容風度。而天人之間的交通儀則,即古代「禮」之精義,故威儀即以禮作為其內涵,合禮者即具有威儀,亦唯行禮有度者才能建立事功。春秋以後,個人意識更為提高,天命之德的概念逐漸為自覺之心所取代,威儀成為透露個人內心動態的外在舉止,故可「觀其容而知其心」。春秋時期的賢士大夫,多能據威儀以觀人之吉凶,故形成「心─威儀─命」的思維模式。心成為觀察的重點之後,心的主觀能動性,往往有超乎傳統威儀觀的限度之外者,加之禮崩樂壞的趨勢日益嚴重,與禮相為表裏的威儀亦逐漸受到忽視。然而威儀觀確立了中國傳統內外合一的主體架構,因此也成為日後形形色色觀人之術的淵源。 |
英文摘要 |
The term weiyi威儀 appears frequently in the pre-Qin texts,and is often interpreted as external deportment. But the meaning of weiyi changes with the times according to contemporary social structure and attitudes. Weiyi originally referred to external expression of ruler' inner virtue, which was the foundation of their authority. Losing this virtue meant losing legitimacy of rulership. For example, ”King Zhou紂 lost weiyi” implies that his inner virtue died out, and thus his regime was displaced by the Zhou周 people. Inner virtue primarily had been attributed to the whole clan. Since mid Western Zhou, however, the concept of inner virtue was personalized, weiyi was associated with individuals accordingly, and the grace of personal character was gradually appreciated. Consequently, a linkage between virtue, weiyi, and accomplishments was established. Human beings received virtue from heaven to polish and refine themselves. It was revealed in the self in the form of dignified deportment and displayed throughout the world in the format of mighty accomplishments. With reference to this linkage, weiyi could be perceived as the graceful deportment of individuals that manifested intertwined activities between heaven and human. Since the communication protocol between heaven and human was the quintessence of the ancient rites, weiyi was connotative of rites. One who acted in conformity with rites was regarded as possessing weiyi. Following the same reasoning, only when practiced rites appropriately could one achieve accomplishments. After the Spring and Autumn period, the consciousness of personality was heightened, replacing virtue from the mandate of heaven with self-conscious mind. Subsequently, weiyi turned to mean external expression of individual's internal intent, and ”observing one's appearance can know one's mind/intent.” Thus a linkage between mind, weiyi, and fate was established. The wise ministers in the Spring and Autumn period usually observed others' good or bad luck based on their weiyi. After mind became the focus of observation, the subjectivity of mind often went beyond the traditional definition of weiyi. Moreover, with the collapse of traditional rites and music, weiyi was gradually ignored due to its direct association with the rites. However, the concept of weiyi established a firm ground for combining inner and outer, and later became the foundation of various ways to observe personal character. |
主题分类 |
人文學 >
歷史學 |
参考文献 |
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被引用次数 |