問題導向學習

Problem Based Learning

10.6145/jme.200606_10(2).0001

陸希平(Shi-Ping Luh)；王本榮(Pen-Jung Wang)；陳家玉(Jia-Yuh Chen)

問題導向學習 ； 小組學習 ； 自我學習 ； 終身學習 ； problem-based learning ； small group learning ； self learning ； lifelong learning

Journal of Medical Education

10卷2期（2006 / 06 / 01）

89 - 97

繁體中文

問題導向學習(Problem based learning, PBL)在國內外醫學院已行之有年，其對醫學教育與學員的影響評價兩極。本文針對過去國內外文獻與相關推行的經驗。將PBL在課程設計，推行與人員培養所要注意的一些細節，以及其實施成敗的關鍵，與傳統學習方式比較之優劣點等作一回顧，以期能鑑往知來，發揮其最大的功效。

Problem based learning (PBL) has been implemented for many years in medical schools throughout the world. However, the effectiveness of this approach to learning by medical students is still controversial. In this paper we review various experiences with PBL found in the literature, including curriculum design, faculty development, and the key factors associated with its successful use. The aim is to learn from previous experiences in order to achieve future success in the PBL implementation.

1. Luh SP,Lin YR,Chen JY(2005).Content validity and factor analysis of the peer evaluation sheet for problem based learning performance.J Med Education,9,138-148.
   連結：
2. 李孟智、翁國昌、陳進典(2003)。臨床問題導向學習課程之評估。醫學教育，7，282-290。
   連結：
3. 謝正源、張榕浚、楊順晴(2002)。藥理學與病理學問題導向學習之成效。醫學教育，6，402-414。
   連結：
4. 謝正源、戴劍雄、楊順晴(2003)。問題導向學習法在醫學倫理課程應用之評估。醫學教育，7，140-149。
   連結：
5. Albanese M,Mitchell S(1993).Problem-based learning: a review of literature on its outcomes and implementation issues.Acad Med,68,52-81.
6. Albanese MA,Mitchell S(1993).Problem-based learning: A review of literature on its outcomes and implementation.Acad Med,68,52-81.
7. Azila NMA、Tan NH、Sim SM(2003)。問題導向學習混合模式中批判性思考的發展。醫學教育，7，306-312。
8. Barrows HS(1985).How to design a problem-based curriculum for the preclinical year.New York:Springer Publishing.
9. Barrows HS(1986).A taxonomy of problem-based learning methods.Med Educ,20,481-486.
10. Barrows HS,Tamblyn RM(1980).Problem-based learning: An approach to medical education.New York:Springer Publication Co.
11. Barrows HS,Tamblyn RM(1976).An evaluation of problem based learning in small group utilizing a simulated patient.J Med Educ,51,52-54.
12. Berkson L(1993).Problem based learning: Have the expectations been met?.Acad Med.
13. Blumberg P,Eckenfels B(1988).In Research in Medical Education|Proceedings of the Twenty-Seventh Annual Conference.Washington, D.C.:Association of American Medical Colleges.
14. Coles CR(1990).In innovation in Medical Education An Evaluation of its Present Status|ZE Noornan, HG Schmidt and ES Ezuss eds.New York:Springer Publishing.
15. Colliver JA(2000).Effectiveness of problem-based learning curricula: research and theory.Acad Med,75,259-266.
16. Davis MH,Harden RM(2003).Planning and implementing an undergraduate medical curriculum: the lessons learned.Med Teacher,25,596-609.
17. deVolder ML(1982).Discussion groups and their tutors: relationships between tutor characteristics and tutor functioning.Higher Educ,11,269-271.
18. Dochy F,Segers M,deBossche PV(2003).Effects of problem-based learning: a meta-analysis.Learn & Instruct,13,533-568.
19. Dolmans DHJM,Gijselaers WH,Schmidt HG(1992).the Annual Meeting of the American Educational Research Association.San Francisco, California:
20. Donner RS,Bickley H(1990).Problem-based learning: an assessment of its feasibility and cost.Hum Pathol,21,881-885.
21. Feletti GI,Doyle E,Petrovic A(1982).Medical students` evaluation of tutors in a group learning curriculum.Med Educ,16,319-325.
22. Fenwick TJ,Parsons J(1997).Research Report|US Department of Education.ERIC Document Reproduction.
23. General Medical Council(2000).Report on Visit to Dundee Medical School.London:GMC.
24. General Medical Council(1993).Tomarrow`s doctors: Recommendations on Undergraduate Medical Education.London:GMC.
25. Hamad B(1985).Problem-based education in Gezira.Sudan. Med Educ,19,357-363.
26. Harden RM,Davis MH(1995).The continuum of problem- based learning.Med Teacher,17,125-148.
27. Jaffarey NA(2001).Problem-based learning.J Pak Med Assoc,51,266-267.
28. Johnson DW,Johnson FP(2003).Jointing Together: Group Theory and Group Skills.Boston, Mass:Allyn & Bacon.
29. Kwan CY、Seib R、Parikh, P(2005)。問題導向學習的個人歷程：馬克馬斯特大學醫學院學生的體驗。醫學教育，9，175-188。
30. Neufeld VR,Barrows HS(1974).The "MeMaster Philosophy": Au approach to medical education.J Med Educ,49,1040-1050.
31. Neufeld VR,Norman GR,Feightner JW(1981).Clinical problem solving by medical students. A cross-sectional and longitudinal analysis.Med Educ,15,315-322.
32. Newble DI,Entwistle NJ(1986).Learning styles and approaches: implications for medical education.Med Educ,20,162-175.
33. Norman GR,Schmidt HG(1992).The physiological basis of problem-based learning: a review of the evidence.Acad Med,67,557-565.
34. Rerkson L(1993).Problem-based learning: Have the expectations been met?.Acad Med,68,S79-S88.
35. Richard F(2003).The effectiveness of PBL: the debate continues. Is meta-analysis helpful?.Med Educ,37,1131-1132.
36. Savery JR,Duffy TM(1995).Problem-based learning: an instructional model and its constructivist framework.Educ Tech,35,31-35.
37. Schmidt HG(1983).Problem-based learning: rationale and description.Med Edu,17,11-16.
38. Schmidt HG,Dauphinee WD,Patel VL(1987).Comparing the effects of problem-based and conventional curricula in an international sample.J Med Educ,62,305-315.
39. Shope TR(1989).Student-initiated analysis and change of a medical school curriculum.Acad Med,64,300-301.
40. Silver M,Wilkerson U(1991).Effects of tutors with subject expertise on the problem-based tutorial process.Acad Med 199U,66,298-300.
41. Spencer J(2003).ABC of learning and teaching in medicine: learning and teaching in the clinical environment.BMJ,326,591-594.
42. Vernon DTA,Blake RL(1993).Does problem-based learning work? A meta-analysis of evaluative research.Acad Med,68,550-563.
43. Wilkerson L(1992).the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association.San Francisco, California:
44. Wilkerson L(1998).Tutors and small groups in problem- based learning: lessons from the curricula.Ann Intern Med,129,734-797.
45. Wood DF(2003).ABC of learning and teaching in medicine: Problem based learning.BMJ,326,328-330.
46. Woodward CA,Ferrier BM(1982).Perspectives of graduates two or live years after graduation from a three year medical school.J Med Edue,57,294-302.
47. 陸希平、林妍如、林中生(2004)。問題導向學習中老師與學生的角色認知。醫學教育，8，358-363。
48. 劉克明(2002)。E世代的醫學教育。醫學教育，6，125-127。
49. 劉克明(2003)。PBL與OSCE的問題與挑戰。醫學教育，7，191-195。
50. 賴明亮、潘偉豐、薛尊仁(2002)。以問題導向施行病態生理教學之結果評估。醫學教育，6，147-158。

1. Shih, Cheng-Ting,Dong, Shang-Lung,Chuang, Chun-Chao,Chou, Ying-Hsiang(2018).PBL in Radiotherapy Techniques Education.醫學教育,22(4),140-150.
2. 黃美瑤(2009)。資訊融入問題導向教學策略介入對高中生健康體適能學習態度之研究。體育學報，42(4)，87-99。
3. 簡慈儀、陳育婷、江福田、毛小薇(2008)。醫學生抽血操作技能訓練與評估。醫學教育，12(3)，167-175。
4. 簡竹君、謝邦鑫、陳永昌、余光輝、田亞中、方基存(2007)。實證醫學的醫學教育。醫學教育，11(1)，13-20。
5. 賴崇閔、廖述盛、黃秀美(2011)。虛擬實境結合問題導向學習應用於行動化醫學教育之研究。科學教育學刊，19(3)，237-256。
6. 林盈翔(2023)。大學國文問題導向設計以提升公民意識與思辨能力。通識教育學刊，31，221-255。
7. 謝至鎠、王英偉(2010)。團隊導向學習簡介。醫學教育，14(1)，79-89。
8. 謝至鎠、葉日弌、楊孝友、程慧娟、王英偉、王文利(2010)。以團隊導向學習運用於家庭醫學科教學之初步嘗試。醫學教育，14(2)，6-16。