Correlates Related to Probable Common Mental Disorders among Ketamine Users: Cognitive and Urinary Impairments

10.4103/TPSY.TPSY_36_20

Chih-Jen Wang；Li-Ling Huang；Yu-San Chang；Ching-Hong Tsai；Yu-Hsuan Wu；Yi-Fan Lin；Wen-Huei Lin；Kuan-Ying Hsieh

ketamine use rating scale ； physical health ； the 12-item Chinese Health Questionnaire ； sedative/hypnotic use

台灣精神醫學

34卷4期（2020 / 12 / 01）

181 - 187

英文

Objective: In this study, we intended to determine the prevalence of common mental disorder (probable CMD) in ketamine users in Taiwan and identify whether factors including cognitive and urinary impairments developed over the course of ketamine use were correlated with probable CMD. Methods: Through a cross-sectional study design, 538 participants (115 women and 423 men) were recruited from reformatory educational classes in Taiwan. We used the 12-item Chinese Health Questionnaire to evaluate probable CMD. Furthermore, we designed a copy of questionnaire regarding ketamine use including questions related to age at first contact with ketamine, ketamine use expenses per month, intervals of use, route, concomitant substance use, legal problems, as well as cognitive and urinary impairments developed over the course of ketamine use. The relationships between ketamine use, physical health, concomitant substance use, cognitive impairments, urinary impairments, and probable CMD were examined using logistic regression analysis. Results: In this study, the prevalence of probable CMD among ketamine users in Taiwan was 19.7%. We found that poor physical health (from p ＜ 0.05 to p ＜ 0.001 for all kinds of severity), comorbid sedatives or hypnotic use (p ＜ 0.01), and moderate cognitive impairments (p ＜ 0.05) significantly developed after ketamine use were all independent factors correlated with probable CMD. But urinary impairments developed after ketamine use did not show any significant difference in regression analysis when considering other confounding factors. Conclusion: We suggest that an early survey of physical health, concomitant use of sedatives or hypnotics, and cognitive impairment can detect mental health problems among ketamine users.

1. Lee, YF,Liang, CS,Tseng, YT(2018).Quetiapine shows cross-reactivity in urine drug screening for ketamine.Taiwanese J Psychiatry,32,323-330.
   連結：
2. Aghaei, A,Hasanzadeh, R,Mahdad, A(2010).Occupational stress and mental health of employees of a petrochemical company before and after privatization.Int J Occup Environ Med,1,75-80.
3. Araya, R,Rojas, G,Fritsch, R(2001).Common mental disorders in Santiago, Chile: prevalence and socio-demographic correlates.Br J Psychiatry,178,228-233.
4. Berman, RM,Cappiello, A,Anand, A(2000).Antidepressant effects of ketamine in depressed patients.Biol Psychiatry,47,351-354.
5. Chen, WJ,Fu, TC,Ting, TT(2009).Use of ecstasy and other psychoactive substances among school-attending adolescents in Taiwan: national surveys 2004-2006.BMC Public Health,9,27.
6. Chen, WJ,Wu, SC,Tsay, WI(2017).Differences in prevalence, sociobehavioral correlates, and psychosocial distress between club drug and hard drug use in Taiwan: results from the 2014 national survey of substance use.Int J Drug Policy,48,99-107.
7. Chen, WY,Huang, MC,Lin, SK(2014).Gender differences in subjective discontinuation symptoms associated with ketamine use.Subst Abuse Treat Prev Policy,9,39.
8. Cheng, TA(1988).A community study of minor psychiatric morbidity in Taiwan.Psychol Med,18,953-968.
9. Cheng, TA,Wu, JT,Chong, MY(1990).Internal consistency and factor structure of the Chinese Health Questionnaire.Acta Psychiatr Scand,82,304-308.
10. Chong, MY,Wilkinson, G(1989).Validation of 30-and 12-item versions of the Chinese Health Questionnaire (CHQ) in patients admitted for general health screening.Psychol Med,19,495-505.
11. Chu, PS,Ma, WK,Wong, SC(2008).The destruction of the lower urinary tract by ketamine abuse: a new syndrome?.BJU Int,102,1616-1622.
12. Degenhardt, L,Dierker, L,Chiu, WT(2010).Evaluating the drug use "gateway" theory using cross-national data: consistency and associations of the order of initiation of drug use among participants in the WHO World Mental Health Surveys.Drug Alcohol Depend,108,84-97.
13. Ferrari, AJ,Norman, RE,Freedman, G(2014).The burden attributable to mental and substance use disorders as risk factors for suicide: findings from the global burden of disease study 2010.PLoS One,9,e91936.
14. Fu, TS,Lee, CS,Gunnell, D(2013).Changing trends in the prevalence of common mental disorders in Taiwan: a 20-year repeated cross-sectional survey.Lancet,381,235-241.
15. Goldberg, D(1994).A bio-social model for common mental disorders.Acta Psychiatr Scand Suppl,385,66-70.
16. Guttmannova, K,Kosterman, R,White, HR(2017).The association between regular marijuana use and adult mental health outcomes.Drug Alcohol Depend,179,109-116.
17. Hawthorne, G,Goldney, R,Taylor, AW(2008).Depression prevalence: is it really increasing?.Aust N Z J Psychiatry,42,606-616.
18. Hodiamont, PP,Rijnders, CA,Mulder, J(2005).Psychiatric disorders in a Dutch health area: a repeated cross-sectional survey.J Affect Disord,84,77-83.
19. Höflich, A,Hahn, A,Küblböck, M(2017).Ketamine-dependent neuronal activation in healthy volunteers.Brain Struct Funct,222,1533-1542.
20. Hsu, LY(2014).Ketamine use in Taiwan: Moral panic, civilizing processes, and democratization.Int J Drug Policy,25,819-822.
21. Klausner, AP,Ibanez, D,King, AB(2009).The influence of psychiatric comorbidities and sexual trauma on lower urinary tract symptoms in female veterans.J Urol,182,2785-2790.
22. Lee, JY,Kim, W,Brook, JS(2019).Triple comorbid trajectories of alcohol, cigarette, and marijuana use from adolescence to adulthood predict insomnia in adulthood.Addict Behav,90,437-443.
23. Leung, KS,Li, JH,Tsay, WI(2008).Dinosaur girls, candy girls, and Trinity: voices of Taiwanese club drug users.J Ethn Subst Abuse,7,237-257.
24. Li, CC,Wu, ST,Cha, TL(2019).A survey for ketamine abuse and its relation to the lower urinary tract symptoms in Taiwan.Sci Rep,9,7240.
25. Li, JH,Vicknasingam, B,Cheung, YW(2011).To use or not to use: an update on licit and illicit ketamine use.Subst Abuse Rehabil,2,11-20.
26. Liang, HJ,Lau, CG,Tang, A(2013).Cognitive impairments in poly-drug ketamine users.Addict Behav,38,2661-2666.
27. Liang, HJ,Tang, KL,Chan, F(2015).Ketamine users have high rates of psychosis and/or depression.J Addict Nurs,26,8-13.
28. Lua, AC,Lin, HR,Tseng, YT(2003).Profiles of urine samples from participants at rave party in Taiwan: prevalence of ketamine and MDMA abuse.Forensic Sci Int,136,47-51.
29. Morgan, CJ,Curran, HV(2012).Ketamine use: a review.Addiction,107,27-38.
30. Morgan, CJ,Curran, HV(2006).Acute and chronic effects of ketamine upon human memory: a review.Psychopharmacology,188,408-424.
31. Morgan, CJ,Muetzelfeldt, L,Curran, HV(2009).Ketamine use, cognition and psychological wellbeing: a comparison of frequent, infrequent and exusers with polydrug and non-using controls.Addiction,104,77-87.
32. Morgan, CJ,Muetzelfeldt, L,Curran, HV(2010).Consequences of chronic ketamine self-administration upon neurocognitive function and psychological wellbeing: a 1-year longitudinal study.Addiction,105,121-133.
33. Mukherjea, A(2010).Understanding Emerging Epidemics: Social and Political Approaches.New York:Emerold Books.
34. Nandi, DN,Banerjee, G,Mukherjee, SP(2000).Psychiatric morbidity of a rural Indian community. changes over a 20-year interval.Br J Psychiatry,176,351-356.
35. Neckelmann, D,Mykletun, A,Dahl, AA(2007).Chronic insomnia as a risk factor for developing anxiety and depression.Sleep,30,873-880.
36. Patel, V,Kleinman, A(2003).Poverty and common mental disorders in developing countries.Bull World Health Organ,81,609-615.
37. Pevalin, DJ,Goldberg, DP(2003).Social precursors to onset and recovery from episodes of common mental illness.Psychol Med,33,299-306.
38. Reinhardt, S,Fode, M(2014).Bladder pain and urinary tract symptoms as a consequence of ketamine abuse.Ugeskr Laeger,176,240-242.
39. Sassano-Higgins, S,Baron, D,Juarez, G(2016).A review of ketamine abuse and diversion.Depress Anxiety,33,718-727.
40. Smith, GS,Schloesser, R,Brodie, JD(1998).Glutamate modulation of dopamine measured in vivo with positron emission tomography (PET) and 11C-raclopride in normal human subjects.Neuropsychopharmacology,18,18-25.
41. Spiers, N,Brugha, TS,Bebbington, P(2012).Age and birth cohort differences in depression in repeated cross-sectional surveys in England: the national psychiatric morbidity surveys, 1993 to 2007.Psychol Med,42,2047-2055.
42. Tam, CH,Kwok, SI,Lo, TW(2018).Hidden drug abuse in Hong Kong: from social acquaintance to social isolation.Front Psychiatry,9,457.
43. Vollenweider, FX,Vontobel, P,Oye, I(2000).Effects of (S)-ketamine on striatal dopamine: a [11C]raclopride PET study of a model psychosis in humans.J Psychiatr Res,34,35-43.
44. White, JM,Ryan, CF(1996).Pharmacological properties of ketamine.Drug Alcohol Rev,15,145-155.
45. White, PF,Way, WL,Trevor, AJ(1982).Ketamine-its pharmacology and therapeutic uses.Anesthesiology,56,119-136.
46. Whiteford, HA,Degenhardt, L,Rehm, J(2013).Global burden of disease attributable to mental and substance use disorders: findings from the global burden of disease study 2010.Lancet,382,1575-1586.