土客衝突與環境變遷－以清代閩北開發與士人議論為中心

The Conflict Between Natives and Immigrants and Environmental Changes-Centering on the Development of Northern Fujian in the Qing Dynasty

宋惠中(Hui-Chung Sung)

閩北 ； 客民 ； 茶葉 ； 清代 ； Northern Fujian ； Immigrants ； Tea ； Qing Dynasty

元培學報

26期（2023 / 06 / 01）

56 - 72

繁體中文;英文

本文討論清代閩北地區建寧、延平、邵武三府的環境開發及士人議論，並指出清代閩北地區的商品經濟發展，受到兩個主要的因素制約。第一、受到環境資源的制約。閩北地區的山多田少，農林墾植不得不往山區開發，過度的墾殖活動，造成水土流失，不但山田受影響，收成因此減少，而且波及山下的水田。於是引起平地農民的反彈與官方的注意和介入，因此使得經濟作物的種植受到了制約與控制。第二個制約因素，則是外部市場的結構性因素。在外需市場的架構下，市場的價格，產品的數量都無法由閩北山區的生產者所決定，市場的價格均由外來商人或包買者所決定。因此，清代閩北地區的商品經濟的發展，基本上受制於生產以外的因素，生產者只是採購商人的代工者，加上生產技術不思改進，一旦有新的競爭者或新商品出現，市場就會拱手讓人。清末民初閩北茶業的快速衰微，可說均受制於這種市場性的結構因素。

This article discusses the environmental development of the Jianning, Yanping and Shaowu prefectures in northern Fujian in the Qing Dynasty and scholars' opinions. The development of the commodity economy in northern Fujian in the Qing Dynasty was restricted by two main factors. First, it is restricted by environmental resources. There are many mountains in northern Fujian and few fields, so agriculture and forestry must be developed in mountainous areas. Excessive reclamation activities have caused soil erosion, which not only affects the mountains and fields, reducing harvests, but also affects the paddy fields below the mountains. As a result, farmers in the flatlands rebounded and the government paid attention and intervened, thus restricting and controlling the planting of cash crops. The second restrictive factor is the structural factors of the external market. Under the structure of the external demand market, neither the market price nor the quantity of products can be determined by the producers in the mountainous areas of northern Fujian, but the market prices are all determined by foreign businessmen or contractors. Therefore, the development of the commodity economy in northern Fujian in the Qing Dynasty was basically constrained by factors other than production. Producers were only subcontractors for purchasing merchants. In addition, the production technology did not want to be improved. Once new competitors or new commodities appeared , the market will give up. The rapid decline of the tea industry in northern Fujian in the late Qing Dynasty and early Republic of China can be said to be subject to this market-oriented structural factor.