變遷中的歐洲社會模式：考察歐盟年金政策的發展

Changing European Social Model: Exploring the Development of EU Pension Policy

10.6785/SPSW.201212.0047

施世駿(Shih-Jiunn Shi)；梁婉玲(Wan-Ling Liang)

歐洲聯盟 ； 歐洲社會模式 ； 年金改革 ； 里斯本議程 ； 開放協調法 ； European Social Model ； European Union ； Lisbon Agenda ； Open Method of Coordination ； pension reform

社會政策與社會工作學刊

16卷2期（2012 / 12 / 01）

47 - 94

繁體中文

過去20年以來，歐洲統合的過程深刻影響會員國的福利制度。本文以晚近的歐盟年金政策為例，視察歐洲社會模式的論述與歐盟社會政策的發展：進而探討2000年後興起的里斯本議程，如何影響歐洲社會模式的理念內涵，並形塑一個以勞動參與為核心理念的政策綱領。當前歐盟年金政策的發展，具體呈現主流論述中的歐洲社會模式精神，强調傳統年金體系的現代化以及積極勞動參與獲取年金權。歐盟年金政策的理念與治理方式，在性別平等、人員自由遷徙、單一保險市場面向上對於會員國的年金制度有具體影響；再輔以開放協調法的運用，間接呼應並強化當前歐洲國家年金改革方向的正當性。藉此本文嘗試理解晚近歐洲年金改革的歐洲化面向，思考歐洲老年經濟安全政策的變遷，以及對台灣年金政策的意涵。

In the past two decades Euro pea n integration ha s profoundly influenced the welfare institutions of the member states. With the example of EU pension policy, this article sets out to examine the discourses on the European Social Model and the relevant development of EU social policy, in an attempt to comprehend how the Lisbon Agenda has formulated the idea of European Social Model and moulded a policy programme centred upon labour participation . The development of EU pension policy is a concrete epitome of the European Social Model as dictated in the mainstream EU discourses, which stress the modernization of traditional pension systems as well as the acquisition of pension entitlements through active labour participation. In its governance of pension policy, the EU has indirectly intervened in the pension institutions of its member states in various domains such as gender equality, free movement of labour, and single European insurance market. The increasing utilization of the Open Method of Coordination in this policy area further echoes, indeed justifies, the legitimacy of recent Euro pea n pens ion reform direct ions. Upon this analysis, this article attempts to highlight the dimension of the Europeanization of pension reforms, and reflects on their implications for the changing old-age security in Europe.

1. 孫迺翊(2008)。歐盟人民社會基本權之保障：以受僱雇者與非受雇者之遷徙自由與社會給付請求權為例。歐美研究，34(4)，579-636。
   連結：
2. 葉崇揚、施世駿(2009)。典範連續或典範轉移？德國與英國年金改革研究。社會政策與社會工作學刊，13(1)，1-51。
   連結：
3. Schmähl, W. (2005). Nationale Rentenreformen und die Europäische Union-Entwicklungslinien und Einflusskanäle. ZeS Arbeitspapier 03/2005. Universität Bremen.
4. Davy, U. and L. Leisering (2005). EU Pension Policies: Changing Paradigms. Regina Working Paper No. 12. Bielefeld: University of Bielefeld.
5. Ervik, R. (2006). European Pension Policy Initiatives and National Reforms: Between Financial Sustainability and Adequacy. Working Paper No. 10. Bergen: Stein Rokkan Centre for Social Studies.
6. Annesley, C.(2007).Lisbon and Social Europe: Towards a European "Adult Worker Model" Welfare System.Journal of European Social Policy,17(3),195-205.
7. Aust, A.,Leitner, S.,Lessenich, S.(2002).Konjunktur und Krise des Europäischen Sozialmodells: Ein Beitrag zur Politischen Präexplantationsdiagnostik.Politische Vierteljahresschrift,43(2),272-301.
8. Azmanova, A.(2009).1989 and the Accidental Death of the European Social Model.Policy & Politics,37(4),611-614.
9. Bieler, A.(2006).The Struggle for a Social Europe: Trade Unions and EMU in Times of Global Restructuring.Manchester:Manchester University Press.
10. Bornschier, V.(Ed.)(2000).State-Building in Europe: The Revitalization of Western European Integration.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
11. Borrás, S.,Jacobsson, K.(2004).The Method of Open Coordination and New Governance Patterns in the EU.Journal of European Public Policy,11(2),185-208.
12. Clark, G. L.(Ed.),Whiteside, N.(Ed.)(2003).Pension Security in the 21st Century.Oxford:Oxford University Press.
13. Davy, U.(2011).Social Europe in Old-Age Security? EU Policies of Public and Private Pensions.The New Regulatory State: Regulating Pensions in Germany and the UK,Basingstoke:
14. de la Porte, C.,Nanz, P.(2004).The OMC-a Deliberative Democratic Mode of Governance? The Cases of Employment and Pensions.Journal of European Public Policy,11(2),267-288.
15. Ebbinghaus, B.(2011).The Varieties of Pension Governance: Pension Privatization in Europe.Oxford:Oxford University Press.
16. Eckardt, M.(2005).The Open Method of Coordination on Pensions: An Economic Analysis of Its Effects on Pension Reforms.Journal of European Social Policy,15(3),247-267.
17. European Commission(1997).Supplementary Pensions in the Single Market: A Green Paper.Brussels:European Commission.
18. European Commission(2010).Green Paper: Towards Adequate, Sustainable and Safe European Pension Systems.Brussels:European Commission.
19. European Commission(2007).Towards Common Principles of Flexicurity: More and Better Jobs through Flexibility and Security.Brussels:European Commission.
20. Falkner, G.(1998).EU Sicial Policy in the 1990s: Towards a Corporatist Policy Community.London:Routledge.
21. Featherstone, K.,Radaelli, C. M.(2003).The Politics of Europeanization.Oxford:Oxford University Press.
22. Ferrera, M.(2005).The Boundaries of Welfare: European Integration and the New Spatial Politics of Social Protection.Oxford:Oxford University Press.
23. Gold, M.,Cressey, P.,Leonard, E.(2007).Whatever Happed to Social Dialogue? From Partnership to Managerialism in the EU Employment Agenda.European Journal of Industrial Relations,13(1),7-25.
24. Haverland, M.(2007).When the welfare State Meets the Regulatory State: EU Occupational Pension Policy.Journal of European Public Policy,14(6),886-904.
25. Havverland, M.(2011).Policies of the EU towards Occupational pensions: Limits to Regulation.The New Regulatory State: Regulating Pensions in Germany and the UK,Basingstoke:
26. Heidenreich, M.,Bischoff, G.(2008).The Open Method of Coordination: A Way to the Europeanization of Social and Employment Policies?.Journal of Common Market Studies,46(3),497-532.
27. Hinrichs, K.(Ed.),Kitschelt, H.(Ed.),Wiesenthal, H.(Ed.)(2000).Kontingenz und Krise: Institutionenpolitik in Kapitalistischen und Postsozialistischen Gesellschaften.Frankfurt:Campus Verlag.
28. Hodson, D.(2004).Macroeconomic Coordination in the Euro Area: the Scope and Limits of the Open Method.Journal of European Public Policy,11(2),231-248.
29. Hodson, D.,Maher, I.(2001).The Open Method as a New Mode of Governance: The Case of Soft Economic Policy Coordination.Journal of Common Market Studies,39(4),719-746.
30. Honkapohja, S.,Westermann, F.(2009).Designing the European Model.Basingstoke:Palgrave Macmillan.
31. Hooghe, L.,Marks, G.(1999).The Making of a Polity. The Struggle over European Integration.Continuity and Change in Contemporary Capitalism,Cambridge:
32. Immergut, E. M.,Anderson, K. M.,Schulze, I.(2006).The Handbook of Western European Pension Politics.New York:Oxford University Press.
33. Jepsen, M.,Pascual, A. S.(2005).The European Social Model: An Exercise in Deconstruction.Journal of European Social Policy,15(3),231-245.
34. Kaufmann, F.-X.(2003).Varianten des Wohlfahrtsstaates: Der deutsche Sozialstaat im internationalen Vergleich.Frankfurt/M:Suhrkamp Verlag.
35. Keller, B.(2001).Europäische Arbeits-und Sozialpolitik.München:Oldenbourg Verlag.
36. Kok Report(2004).Facing the Challenge.Brussels:European Union.
37. Kvist, J.,Saari, J.(2007).The Europeanisation of Social Protection.Bristol:The Policy Press.
38. Leibfried, S.(Ed.),Pierson, P.(Ed.)(1995).European Social Policy: Between Fragmentation and Integration.Washington, DC:The Brookings Institution.
39. Lessenich, S.(2008).Die Neuerfindung des Sozialen: der Sozialstaat im flexiblen Kapitalismus.Bielefeld:Transcript.
40. Lewis, J.(2006).Work/Family Reconciliation, Euqal Opportunities and Social Policies: the Interpretation of Policy Trajectories at the EU Level and the Meaning of Gender Euqality.Journal of European Public Policy,13(3),420-438.
41. Lewis, J.(Ed.),Surender, R.(Ed.)(2004).Welfare State Change: Towards a Third Way?.New York:Oxford University Press.
42. Mabbett, D.(2009).Supplementary Pensions between Social Policy and Social Regulation.West European Politics,32(4),774-791.
43. Natali, D.(2009).The Open Method of Coordination on Pesions: Does it De-politicise Pension Policy.West European Politics,32(4),810-828.
44. Natali, D.(2009).The Lisbon Strategy a Decade On: A Critical Review of a Multi-disciplinary Literature.Transfer,15(1),111-137.
45. Natali, D.(2008).Pensions in Europe, European Pensions: The Evolution of Pension Policy at National and Supranational Level.Brussels:Peter Lang S.A..
46. Obermaier, A. J.(2009).The End of Territoriality? The Impact of ECJ Ruling on British, German and French Social Policy.Surrey:Ashgate.
47. O''Connor, J. S.(2005).Employment-Anchored Social Policy, Gender Equality and the Open Method of Policy Coordination in the European Union.European Societies,7(1),27-52.
48. Orenstein, M. A.(2008).Privatizing Pensions: The Transnational Campaign for Social Security Reform.Princeton:Princeton University Press.
49. Rodrigues, M. J.(2009).Europe, Globalization and the Lisbon Agenda.Cheltenham:Edward Elgar.
50. Ross, G.(1995).Jacques Delors and European Integration.Cambridge:Polity Press.
51. Scharpf, F. W.(1988).The Joint-Decision Trap: Lessons from German Federalism and European Integration.Public Administration,66(3),239-278.
52. Scharpf, F. W.(1999).Governing in Europe: Effective and Democratic?.Oxford:Oxford University Press.
53. Scharpf, F. W.(2002).The European Social Model: Coping with the Challenges of Diversity.Journal of Common Market Studies,40(4),645-670.
54. SPC/EPC(2001).,Brussels:Council of the European Union.
55. Sterzynski, M.(2003).The European Single Insurance Market: Overview and Impact of the Liberalization and De-regulation Processes.Belgian Actuarial Bulletin,3(1),42-49.
56. Streeck, W.(1994).European Social Policy after Maastricht: The "Social Dialogue" and Subsidiarity.Economic and Industrial Democracy,15(2),151-177.
57. Tholoniat, L.(2010).The Career of the Open Method of Coordination: Lessons from a "Soft" EU Instrument.West European Politics,33(1),93-117.
58. Wallace, H.(Ed.)(2010).Policy-making in the European Union.Oxford:Oxford University Press.
59. Wallace, H.(ed.),Wallace, W.(ed.),Pollack, M. A.(ed.)(2010).Policy-making in the European Union.Oxford:Oxford University Press.
60. Wilthagen, T.,Tros, F.(2004).The Concept of "Flexicurity": A New Approach to Regulating Employment and Labour Markets.Transfer,2(4),166-186.
61. Zeitlin, J.,Pochet, P.(2005).The Open Method of Coordination in Action: The European Employment and Social Inclusion Strategies.Brussels:P.I.E. Peter Lang.
62. 施世駿(2005)。歐盟新治理模式與社會政策發展：「開放協調法」興起的歷史脈絡與政策意涵。台灣社會福利學刊，4(1)，1-50。
63. 陳惠如(2005)。碩士論文(碩士論文)。國立中正大學法律學研究所。
64. 劉瑋(2004)。歐盟保險市場一體化研究。北京市:中國金融。

1. 傅從喜,施世駿,林宏陽(2019)。我國社會安全年金制度可攜性分析。臺大管理論叢，29(2)，173-199。
2. 李健鴻(2022)。「性別薪酬平等」的實踐與妥協：歐洲聯盟執委會「薪酬透明指令草案」分析。台灣國際法學刊，19(1)，243-290。
3. 劉蟬仲、宮可倫、李永琮(2016)。我國退休制度之所得替代率與價值分析。風險管理學報，18(1)，5-40。
4. (2013)。由歐盟國家近年來之年金制度修正方向思考臺灣退休給付制度之改革。社區發展季刊，144，237-262。