题名

英雄出少年：社會資本、認知偏誤與創業生涯選擇

并列篇名

Heroes from Youngsters: Social Capital, Cognitive Bias and Entrepreneurship Career Choice

作者

廖俊杰(Chun-Chieh Liao)；鄭伶如(Lin-Ju Cheng)

关键词

捆綁型社會資本 ； 橋接型社會資本 ； 樂觀主義 ； 過度自信 ； 創業生涯選擇 ； Bonding Social Capital ； Bridging Social Capital ； Optimism ； Overconfidence ； Entrepreneurial Career Choice

期刊名称

科技管理學刊

卷期/出版年月

22卷3期（2017 / 09 / 01）

页次

31 - 67

内容语文

繁體中文
中文摘要

思考創業家「擁有什麼」(社會資本創業精神模型)及創業家「怎麼想、怎麼看」創業這件事(認知偏誤的創業研究)，是創業研究中兩個重要的方向，本研究嘗試將之整合在同一分析架構，以De Carolis and Saparito(2006)的理論模型為基礎，結合社會學及心理學角度，實證探討這兩個構念對青年學生「創業生涯選擇」(Entrepreneurial Career Choice)的影響。關於認知偏誤變數，也彌補研究缺口，納入兩項密切相關、卻容易混淆的變數：樂觀主義及過度自信，思考兩者各自不同的定義及作用機制。至於社會資本則選擇兩種類型：源自個人的強連結(捆綁型社會資本)，及源自個人的弱連結(橋接型社會資本)進行探討。本研究採用問卷調查法，樣本來自某大學五門創業課程的學生，共發放450份紙本及網路問卷，扣除未回收、作答不完整之無效問卷，有效問卷共計426份，運用結構方程模型進行分析。實證結果顯示：1.兩種類型社會資本對創業生涯選擇沒有直接效果、2.樂觀主義與過度自信均可增進創業生涯選擇，但樂觀主義又會正向影響過度自信，樂觀主義才是最根本的心理特質、3.社會資本需透過認知偏誤(樂觀主義和過度自信)兩個中介變數，才能影響創業生涯選擇。
英文摘要

This study combined the social capital entrepreneurship model (investigating the resources that student entrepreneurs already have) with entrepreneurial bias research (investigating what constitutes an entrepreneurial mindset) to formulate a conceptual framework. Following the model developed by (De Carolis & Saparito, 2006), we discussed the relationship among social capital, cognitive bias, and entrepreneurial career choice. The measures of social capital were divided into two types, ＂bridging＂ and ＂bonding.＂ Regarding cognitive biases, optimism and overconfidence were thoroughly documented in the entrepreneurship literature and were linked to other biases. Data for the research were collected from 450 respondents who enrolled in five entrepreneurship courses at a Taiwanese university. 426 useful questionnaires were obtained, an effective response rate was 94.7 percent. Data are analyzed using structural equation modeling (SEM) to test the hypothesis. The empirical results indicated that 1) social capital had no direct impact on entrepreneurial career choice; 2) both optimism and overconfidence could facilitate entrepreneurial activities, with optimism being the most basic psychological component and having a positive impact on overconfidence; and 3) social capital could influence entrepreneurial career choice and was mediated by optimism and overconfidence.
主题分类 社會科學 > 管理學
参考文献
  1. 謝如梅、劉常勇、方世杰(2013)。誰能辨識創業機會？知識、網絡、意圖與創業警覺能力之關聯性實證研究。科技管理學刊，18(1)，1-26。
    連結：
  2. 費孝通(1948)，鄉土中國，香港：鳳凰出版社，頁36。
  3. (2007).Oxford Handbook of Evolutionary Psychology.
  4. Adler, P. S.,Kwon, S.(2002).Social Capital: Prospects for a New Concept.Academy of Management Review,27(1),17-40.
  5. Ajzen, I.(1991).The Theory of Planned Behavior.Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes,50(2),179-211.
  6. Avolio, B.,Yammarino, F. J.,Bass, B. M.(1991).Identifying Common Methods Variance with Data Collected from a Single Source: An Unresolved Sticky Issue.Journal of Management,17(3),571-587.
  7. Bagozzi, R. P.,Yi, Y.(1988).On the Evaluation of Structural Equation Models.Journal of Academy of Marketing Science,16(1),76-94.
  8. Bandura, A.(1997).Self-Efficacy: The Exercise of Control.New York:Freeman.
  9. Baron, J.(ed.)(2007).Thinking and Deciding.
  10. Baron, R. A.,Markman, G. D.(2000).Beyond Social Capital: How Social Skills can Enhance Entrepreneurs's Success.Academy Management Executive,14(1),106-116.
  11. Baron, R. A.,Tang, J.(2009).Entrepreneurs' Social Skills and New Venture Performance: Mediating Mechanisms and Cultural Generality.Journal of Management,35(2),282-306.
  12. Bauernschuster, S.,Falck, O.,Heblich, S.(2010).Social Capital Access and Entrepreneurship.Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization,76(3),821-833.
  13. Bird, B.(1988).Implementing Entrepreneurial Ideas: The Case for Intention.Academy of Management Review,13(3),442-453.
  14. Bird, B.(1992).The Operation of Intentions in Time: The Emergence of the New Venture.Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice,7(1),11-20.
  15. Boland, R. J.,Tenkasi, R. V.(1995).Perspective Making and Perspective Taking in Communities of Knowledge.Organization Science,6(4),350-372.
  16. Boyd, N. G.,Vozikis, G. S.(1994).The Influence of Self-Efficacy on the Development of Entrepreneurial Intentions and Actions.Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice,18,63.
  17. Bruderl, J.,Preisendorfer, P.(1998).Network Support and the Success of Newly Founded Businesses.Small Business Economics,10(3),213-225.
  18. Burt, R. S.(1982).Toward a Structural Theory of Action.New York:Academic Press.
  19. Burt, R. S.(1997).The Contingent Value of Social Capital.Administrative Science Quarterly,42,339-365.
  20. Burt, R. S.(2009).Structural Holes: The Social Structure of Competition.Cambridge, MA:Harvard University Press.
  21. Burt, R. S.(2000).The Network Structure of Social Capital.Research in Organizational Behavior,22,345-423.
  22. Busenitz, L. W.,Barney, J. B.(1997).Differences between Entrepreneurs and Managers in Large Organizations: Biases and Heuristics in Strategic Decision-Making.Journal of Business Venturing,12(1),9-30.
  23. Busenitz, L. W.,Lau, C. M.(1996).A Cross-Cultural Cognitive Model of New Venture Creation.Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice,20(4),25-40.
  24. Buss, D.(ed.)(2005).The Evolution of Cognitive Bias.Hoboken, NJ:Wiley.
  25. Buttar, H. M.(2015).Formation of Entrepreneurial Career Intentions: The Role of Sociocognitive Factors.Journal of Employment Counseling,52(1),2-17.
  26. Byrne, B. M.(1989).A Primer of LISREL: Basic Applications and Programming for Confirmatory Factor Analysis Models.New York:Springer-Verlag.
  27. Byrne, B. M.(2013).Structural Equation Modeling with AMOS: Basic Concepts, Applications, and Programming.New York:Routledge.
  28. Byrne, D.(1971).The Attraction Paradigm.New York:Academic Press.
  29. Carr, J. C.,Blettner, D. P.(2010).Cognitive Control Bias and Decision-Making in Context: Implications for Entrepreneurial Founders of Small Firms.Frontiers of Entrepreneurship Research,30(6),2.
  30. Cassar, G.(2010).Are Individuals Entering Self-Employment Overly Optimistic? An Empirical Test of Plans and Projections on Nascent Entrepreneur Expectations.Strategy Management Journal,31(8),822-840.
  31. Chen, C. C.,Lin, M. M.,Chen, C. M.(2012).Exploring the Mechanisms of the Relationship between Website Characteristics and Organizational Attraction.The International Journal of Human Resource Management,23(4),867-885.
  32. Chin, W. W.(1998).Issues and Opinions on Structural Equation Modeling.MIS Quarterly,22(1),7-16.
  33. Cohen, W.,Levinthal, D.(1990).Absorptive Capacity: A New Perspective on Learning and Innovation.Administrative Science Quarterly,35(1),128-152.
  34. Coleman, J. S.(1988).Social Capital in the Creation of Human Capital.American Journal of Sociology,94,S95-S120.
  35. Coleman, J. S.,Coleman, J. S.(1994).Foundations of Social Theory.Cambridge, Mass:Harvard University Press.
  36. Cooper, A.,Woo, C.,Dunkelberg, W.(1988).Entrepreneurs' Perceived Chances for Success.Journal of Business Venturing,3(2),97-108.
  37. Corbett, A. C.(2007).Learning Asymmetries and the Discovery of Entrepreneurial Opportunities.Journal of Business Venturing,22(1),97-118.
  38. Davidsson, P.,Honig, B.(2003).The Role of Social and Human Capital among Nascent Entrepreneurs.Journal of Business Venturing,18(3),301-331.
  39. De Carolis, D. M.,Litzky, B. E.,Eddleston, K. A.(2009).Why Networks Enhance the Progress of New Venture Creation: The Influence of Social Capital and Cognition.Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice,33(2),527-545.
  40. De Carolis, D. M.,Saparito, P.(2006).Social Capital, Cognition, and Entrepreneurial Opportunities: A Theoretical Framework.Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice,30(1),41-56.
  41. Dubra, J.(2004).Optimism and Overconfidence in Search.Review of Economic Dynamics,7(1),198-218.
  42. Dyer Jr, W. G.(1994).Toward a Theory of Entrepreneurial Careers.Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice,19(2),7-22.
  43. Fornell, C.,Larcker, D. F.(1981).Evaluating Structural Equation Models with Unobservable Variables and Measurement Error.Journal of Marketing Research,18(1),39-50.
  44. Fourati, H.,Affes, H.(2011).Financial Constraints, Human and Social Capital, and Risk-Taking Attitude in the Foundation of New Firms.Strategic Change,20(5-6),219-232.
  45. Franke, N.,Gruber, M.,Harhoff, D.,Henkel, J.(2006).What You Are Is What You Like-Similarity Biases in Venture Capitalists' Evaluations of Start-up Teams.Journal of Business Venturing,21(6),802-826.
  46. Fretschner, M.,Weber, S.(2013).Measuring and Understanding the Effects of Entrepreneurial Awareness Education.Journal of Small Business Management,51(3),410-428.
  47. Gedajlovic, E.,Honig, B.,Moore, C.,Payne, G.,Wright, M.(2013).Social Capital and Entrepreneurship: A Schema and Research Agenda.Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice,37(3),455-478.
  48. Goldstein, D. G.,Gigerenzer, G.(2002).Models of Ecological Rationality: The Recognition Heuristic.Psychological Review,109(1),75.
  49. Goldstein, D. G.,Gigerenzer, G.(2009).Fast and Frugal Forecasting.International Journal of Forecasting,25(4),760-772.
  50. Granovetter, M. S.(1973).The Strength of Weak Ties.American Journal of Sociology,78(6),1360-1380.
  51. Granovetter, M. S.(1985).Economic Action and Social Structure: The Problem of Embeddedness.American Journal of Sociology,91,481-510.
  52. Griffin, D. W.,Varey, C. A.(1996).Towards a Consensus on Overconfidence.Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes,65(3),227-231.
  53. Gudmundsson, S. V.,Lechner, C.(2013).Cognitive Biases, Organization, and Entrepreneurial Firm Survival.European Management Journal,31(3),278-294.
  54. Gupta, V. K.,Bhawe, N. M.(2007).The Influence of Proactive Personality and Stereotype Threat on Women's Entrepreneurial Intentions.Journal of Leadership and Organizational Studies,13(4),73-85.
  55. Hair, J. F.,Black, W. C.,Babin, B. J.,Anderson, R. E.,Tatham, R. L.(2006).Multivariate Data Analysis.Upper Saddle River, N.J.:Pearson Prentice Hall.
  56. Harris, P.,Middleton, W.(1994).The Illusion of Control and Optimism about Health: On Being Less at Risk but No More in Control than Others.British Journal of Social Psychology,33(4),369-386.
  57. Hays, R. D.,Hayashi, T.,Stewart, A. L.(1989).A Five Item Measure of Socially Desirable Response Set.Educational and Psychological Measurement,49(3),629-636.
  58. Hayward, M. L.,Forster, W. R.,Sarasvathy, S. D.,Fredrickson, B. L.(2010).Beyond Hubris: How Highly Confident Entrepreneurs Rebound to Venture Again.Journal of Business Venturing,25(6),569-578.
  59. Herz, H.,Schunk, D.,Zehnder, C.(2014).How Do Judgmental Overconfidence and Overoptimism Shape Innovative Behavior?.Games and Economic Behavior,83,1-23.
  60. Hmieleski, K. M.,Baron, R. A.(2009).Entrepreneurs' Optimism and New Venture Performance: A Social Cognitive Perspective.Academy Management Journal,52(3),473-488.
  61. Holland, J. L.(1997).Making Vocational Choices.Odessa, FL:Psychological Assessment Resources.
  62. Ireland, R. D.,Hitt, M. A.,Sirmon, D. G.(2003).A Model of Strategic Entrepreneurship: The Construct and Its Dimensions.Journal of Management,29(6),963-989.
  63. Jöreskog, K. G.,Sörbom, D.(1984).LISREL VI: Analysis of Linear Structural Relationships by the Method of Maximum Likelihood.Chicago, IL:National Educational Resources.
  64. Kannadhasan, M.,Nandagopal, R(2010).Influence of Decision Makers' Characteristics on Risk Analysis in Strategic Investment Decisions.Journal of Modern Accounting and Auditing,6(4),38-44.
  65. Kautonen, T.,Gelderen, M.,Fink, M.(2015).Robustness of the Theory of Planned Behavior in Predicting Entrepreneurial Intentions and Actions.Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice,39(3),655-674.
  66. Keh, H. T.,Foo, M. D.,Lim, B. C.(2002).Opportunity Evaluation under Risky Conditions: The Cognitive Processes of Entrepreneurs.Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice,27(2),125-148.
  67. Kent, C. A.(ed.),Sexton, D. L.(ed.),Vesper, K. H.(ed.)(1982).Encyclopaedia of Entrepreneurship.Englewood Cliffs, NJ:Prentice Hall.
  68. Kerlinger, F. N.,Lee, H. B.(2000).Foundations of Behavioral Research.Wadsworth:Cengage Learning, Inc.
  69. Kline, R. B.(2005).Principles and Practice of Structural Equation Modeling.NY:The Guilford Press.
  70. Knez, M.,Camerer, C.(1994).Creating Expectational Assets in The Laboratory: Coordination in Weakest-Link' Games.Strategic Management Journal,15(S1),101-119.
  71. Koellinger, P.,Minniti, M.,Schade, C.(2007).I Think I Can, I Think I Can: Overconfidence and Entrepreneurial Behavior.Journal of Economic Psychology,28(4),502-527.
  72. Kolvereid, L.(1996).Prediction of Employment Status Choice Intentions.Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice,21(1),47-58.
  73. Krueger, N. F.,Reilly, M. D.,Carsrud, A.(2000).Competing Models of Entrepreneurial Intentions.Journal of Business Venturing,15(5),411-432.
  74. Kuckertz, A.,Wagner, M.(2010).The Influence of Sustainability Orientation on Entrepreneurial Intentions-Investigating the Role of Business Experience.Journal of Business Venturing,25(5),524-539.
  75. Lee, M. K. O.,Cheung, C. M. K.,Chen, Z.(2007).Understanding User Acceptance of Multimedia Messaging Services: An Empirical Study.Journal of the American Society for Information Science & Technology,58(13),2066-2077.
  76. Lent, R. W.,Brown, S. D.,Hackett, G.(1994).Toward a Unifying Social Cognitive Theory of Career and Academic Interest, Choice, and Performance.Journal of Vocational Behavior,45(1),79-122.
  77. Liao, J.,Welsch, H.(2005).Roles of Social Capital in Venture Creation: Key Dimensions and Research Implications.Journal of Small Business Management,43(4),345-362.
  78. Lin, N.,Cook, K. S.,Burt, R. S.(2001).Social Capital: Theory and Research.New Brunswick, NJ:Transaction Publishers.
  79. Liñán, F.,Santos, F. J.(2007).Does Social Capital Affect Entrepreneurial Intentions?.International Advances in Economic Research,13(4),443-453.
  80. Liñán, F.,Urbano, D.,Guerrero, M.(2011).Regional Variations in Entrepreneurial Cognitions: Start-Up Intentions of University Students in Spain.Entrepreneurship and Regional Development,23(3-4),187-215.
  81. Lowe, R. A.,Ziedonis, A. A.(2006).Overoptimism and the Performance of Entrepreneurial Firms.Management Science,52(2),173-186.
  82. McEvily, B.,Perrone, V.,Zaheer, A.(2003).Trust as an Organizing Principle.Organization Science,14(1),91-103.
  83. McGee, J. E.,Peterson, M.,Mueller, S. L.,Sequeira, J. M.(2009).Entrepreneurial Self-Efficacy: Refining the Measure.Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice,33(4),965-988.
  84. Mitchell, R. K.,Busenitz, L. W.,Lant, T.,McDougall, P. P.,Morse, E. A.,Smith, J. B.(2002).Toward a Theory of Entrepreneurial Cognition: Rethinking the People Side of Entrepreneurship Research.Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice,27(2),93-104.
  85. Mitchell, R. K.,Busenitz, L.,Bird, B.,Gaglio, C. M.,McMullen, J. S.,Morse, E. A.,Smith, J. B.(2007).The Central Question in Entrepreneurial Cognition Research.Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice,31(1),1-27.
  86. Moore, D. A.,Healy, P. J.(2008).The Trouble with Overconfidence.Psychological Review,115(2),502-517.
  87. Moriano, J. A.,Gorgievski, M.,Laguna, M.,Stephan, U.,Zarafshani, K.(2012).A Cross-Cultural Approach to Understanding Entrepreneurial Intention.Journal of Career Development,39(2),162-185.
  88. Moscovici, S.(1984).The Phenomenon of Social Representations.Social Representations
  89. Nahapiet, J.,Ghoshal, S.(1998).Social Capital, Intellectual Capital, and the Organizational Advantage.Academy of Management Review,23(2),242-266.
  90. Oinas, P.(1999).Voices and Silences: The Problem of Access to Embeddedness.Geoforum,30(4),351-361.
  91. Palich, L. E.,Bagby, D.(1995).Using Cognitive Theory to Explain Entrepreneurial Risk-Taking: Challenging Conventional Wisdom.Journal of Business Venturing,10(6),425-438.
  92. Parker, S. C.(2006).Learning about the Unknown: How Fast do Entrepreneurs Adjust Their Beliefs?.Journal of Business Venturing,21(1),1-26.
  93. Payne, G. T.,Moore, C. B.,Griffis, S. E.,Autry, C. W.(2011).Multilevel Challenges and Opportunities in Social Capital Research.Journal of Management,37(2),491-520.
  94. Perry-Smith, J. E.,Shalley, C. E.(2003).The Social Side of Creativity: A Static and Dynamic Social Network Perspective.Academy of Management Review,28(1),89-106.
  95. Podsakoff, P. M.,MacKenzie, S. B.,Lee, J.,Podsakoff, N. P.(2012).Sources of Method Bias in Social Science Research and Recommendations on How to Control it.Annual Review of Psychology,63,539-569.
  96. Podsakoff, P. M.,MacKenzie, S. B.,Lee, J.,Podsakoff, N. P.(2003).Common Method Biases in Behavioral Research: A Critical Review of the Literature and Recommended Remedies.Journal of Applied Psychology,88(5),879-903.
  97. Politis, D.,Winborg, J.,Dahlstrand, A. L.(2012).Exploring the Resource Logic of Student Entrepreneurs.International Small Business Journal,30(6),659-683.
  98. Portes, A.,Sensenbrenner, J.(1993).Embeddedness and Immigration: Notes on the Social Determinants of Economic Action.American Journal of Sociology,98(6),1320-1349.
  99. Putnam, R. D.(2000).Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community.New York:Simon and Schuster.
  100. Read, S.,Song, M.,Smit, W.(2009).A Meta-Analytic Review of Effectuation and Venture Performance.Journal of Business Venturing,24(6),573-587.
  101. Russo, J.,Schoemaker, P.(1992).Managing Overconfidence.Sloan Management Review,33(2),7-17.
  102. Salancik, G.,Pfeffer, J.(1978).A Social Information Processing Approach to Job Attitudes and Task Design.Administrative Science Quarterly,23,224-253.
  103. Schaefer, P.,Williams, C.,Goodie, A.,Campbell, K.(2004).Overconfidence and the Big Five.Journal of Research in Personality,38(5),473-480.
  104. Scheier, M. F.,Carver, C. S.,Bridges, M. W.(1994).Distinguishing Optimism from Neuroticism (and Trait Anxiety, Self-Mastery, and Self-Esteem): A Reevaluation of the Life Orientation Test.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,67(6),1063.
  105. Schwenk, C. R.(1986).Information, Cognitive Biases, and Commitment to a Course of Action.Academy of Management Review,11(2),298-310.
  106. Seligman, M. E. P.,Schulman, P.(1986).Explanatory Style as a Predictor of Productivity and Quitting amongst Life Insurance Sales Agents.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,50(4),832-838.
  107. Shane, S.,Venkataraman, S.(2000).The Promise of Entrepreneurship as a Field of Research.Academy Management Review,25(1),217-226.
  108. Sharot, T.(2011).The Optimism Bias.Current Biology,21(23),R941-R945.
  109. Shepherd, D. A.,Krueger, N. F.(2002).An Intentions-Based Model of Entrepreneurial Teams Social Cognition.Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice,27(2),167-185.
  110. Sherif, M.(ed.),Sherif C. M.(ed.)(1969).Interdisciplinary Relationships in the Social Sciences.New Jersey:Aldine Transaction.
  111. Simon, M.,Houghton, S. M.(2002).The Relationship among Biases, Misperceptions, and the Introduction of Pioneering Products Examining Differences in Venture Decision Contexts.Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice,27(2),105-125.
  112. Simon, M.,Houghton, S. M.,Aquino, K.(2000).Cognitive Biases, Risk Perception, and Venture Formation: How Individuals Decide to Start Companies.Journal of Business Venturing,15(2),113-134.
  113. Sobel, M. E.(1982).Asymptotic Confidence Intervals for Indirect Effects in Structural Equation Models.Sociological Methodology,13,290-312.
  114. Soutaris, V.,Zerbinati, S.,Al-Laham, A.(2007).Do Entrepreneurship Programmes Raise Entrepreneurial Intention of Science and Engineering Students? The Effect of Learning, Inspiration and Resources.Journal of Business Venturing,22(4),566-591.
  115. Taylor, S. E.,Brown, J. D.(1988).Illusion and Well-Being: A Social Psychological Perspective on Mental Health.Psychological Bulletin,103(2),193.
  116. Thompson, B.(2004).Exploratory and Confirmatory Factor Analysis: Understanding Concepts and Applications.Washington, DC:American Psychological Association.
  117. Tipu, S.,Arain, F.(2011).Managing Success Factors in Entrepreneurial Ventures: A Behavioral Approach.International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior and Research,17(5),534-560.
  118. Todd, P. M.,Gigerenzer, G.(2003).Bounding Rationality to the World.Journal of Economic Psychology,24(2),143-165.
  119. Trevelyan. R.(2008).Optimism, Overconfidence and Entrepreneurial Activity.Management Decision,46(7),986-1001.
  120. Tversky, A.,Kahneman, D.(1973).Availability: A Heuristic for Judging Frequency and Probability.Cognitive Psychology,5(2),207-232.
  121. Uzzi, B. D.(1999).Embeddedness in the Making of Financial Capital: How Social Relations and Networks Benefit Firms Seeking Financing.American Sociological Review,64,481-505.
  122. Weinstein, N. D.(1982).Unrealistic Optimism about Susceptibility to Health Problems.Journal of Behavioral Medicine,5(4),441-460.
  123. Weinstein, N. D.(1987).Unrealistic Optimism about Susceptibility to Health Problems: Conclusions from a Community-Wide Sample.Journal of Behavioral Medicine,10(5),481-500.
  124. Williams, D.(2006).On and off the 'Net: Scales for Social Capital in an Online Era.Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication,11(2),593-628.
  125. Wilson, F.,Kickul, J.,Marlino, D.(2007).Gender, Entrepreneurial Self-Efficacy, and Entrepreneurial Career Intentions: Implications for Entrepreneurship Research.Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice,31(3),387-406.
  126. Worchel, S.(ed.),Austin, W. G.(ed.)(1986).Psychology of Intergroup Relations.Chicago:Nelson-Hall.
  127. Zacharakis, A. L.,Shepherd, D. A.(2001).The Nature of Information and Overconfidence on Venture Capitalists Decision Making.Journal of Business Venturing,16(4),311-332.
  128. 李茂能(2006)。結構方程模式軟體AMOS 之簡介及其在測驗編製上之應用。台北:心理出版社。
  129. 張苙雲(1999)。網絡台灣－企業的人情關係與經濟理性。台北:遠流出版社。
  130. 陳曉萍、徐淑英、樊景立、鄭伯壎(2008)。組織與管理研究的實證方法。台北:華泰文化。
被引用次数
  1. 蔡進士,陳威宇(2023)。臺灣創業教育發展歷程－在大學中打造創業之路。觀光產業與航空管理期刊，6(1)，38-66。
print cancel