台灣生物技術產業學研技轉制度障礙之探討

The Systematic Barriers of Academia-Industry Technology Transfer in the Taiwanese Biotechnology Industry

陳詩欣(Shih-Hsin Chen)；林韋廷(Wei-Ting Lin)

台灣生技產業 ； 學研機構技術移轉 ； 技轉中介單位 ； 政策法規障礙 ； Taiwanese biotechnology industry ； academia-industry technology transfer ； technology transfer intermediary ； systematic barriers of policies and regulations

科技管理學刊

24卷4期（2019 / 12 / 01）

35 - 68

繁體中文

生技公司為提升創新能量，會經由技轉中介單位協助，透過技轉取得學研機構的研發成果。然而學研技轉仍會面臨障礙，過去研究發現政策與法規對於技轉具有很高的影響力，能夠影響技術特性、技轉中介單位的資源與營運模式，而間接的影響技轉成效，因此也必須優先改善政策與法規層面所遭遇的障礙。本研究基於過去研究考量政策法規對技轉的交互影響結構，透過質化訪談國內各學研機構所有具生物技術技轉單位之技轉人員，探討我國生技產業學研機構技轉在政策法規上所面臨的重要障礙，包括：（1）技術作價入股課稅問題；（2）國外廠商技轉問題；（3）繁複的技轉行政作業程序問題；（4）智財放棄問題；（5）技術與專利品質。為克服學研技轉現況障礙，本研究也提出三個改善建議，包括程序的精簡、資源適當控管、提升學研機構技術研發競爭力並提出具體作法建議：（1）立法機關放寬與明訂技術入股相關法規；（2）立法機關部份放寬與修正對國外廠商技轉法規；（3）政府協助培訓或補助聘任特定專業人才或成立專責機構；（4）主管機關改善技轉規範與技轉單位流程；（5）政府改善研究計畫審查、提升研究產出品質。改善政策法規層面的障礙能讓資源更有效運用，也提升研發成果競爭力，進而促進生技產業學研技轉成效。

Many biotechnology firms heavily rely on external technology and knowledge from academia to improve the internal R&D capabilities. However, the intermediaries would encounter barriers in the process of technology transfer. Literature shows that the government policies and regulations highly influence the process of technology transfer. Policies and regulations influence the characteristics of technology, the resources, and management strategies of intermediaries, and indirectly influence the performance of technology transfer. Thus, the first priority of enhancing technology transfer should be overcoming the barriers of policies and regulations. This study bases on previous literature that focuses on the interdependent structure of the factors influencing technology transfer. This study interviewed the managers and directors in the TTOs of universities and research institutes, which were awarded Taipei Biotech Award. The results show that the major barriers of policies and regulations of technology transfer from academia are relevant to: (1) technology investments and the taxes; (2) international technology transfer; (3) complex procedures and paper work of technology transfer; (4) patents abandonment; (5) the quality of technology and patents. For overcoming the barriers, this paper provide three policy suggestions,, including simplifying the procedures, allocating the limited resource more proficiently, and enhance the competiveness of innovation quality of universities and RIs. The suggestions for improving the implementation of technology transfer includes: (1) clarifying the regulations relevant to technology investment; (2) deregulation to encourage international technology transfer; (3) enhance governmental support of training and recruiting professionals, or establishing external specialized organization; (4) improving regulations and procedures of technology transfer; (5) improving research quality. By overcoming the obstacles of policies and regulations, the intermediaries could more effectively use the human resources and financial resources. The competiveness of the R&D outcomes and the performance of technology transfer from academia could also be enhanced.

1. Aldridge, T. T.,Audretsch, D.(2011).The Bayh-Dole act and scientist entrepreneurship.Research policy,40(8),1058-1067.
2. Bengtsson, L.(2017).A comparison of university technology transfer offices’ commercialization strategies in the Scandinavian countries.Science and Public Policy,44(4),565-577.
3. Bigliardi, B.,Galati, F.,Marolla, G.,Verbano, C.(2015).Factors affecting technology transfer offices' performance in the Italian food context.Technology Analysis & Strategic Management,27(4),361-384.
4. Breznitz, D.(2007).Innovation and the state: Political choice and strategies for growth in Israel, Taiwan, and Ireland.London:Yale University Press.
5. Caldera, A.,Debande, O.(2010).Performance of Spanish universities in technology transfer: an empirical analysis.Research Policy,39(9),1160-1173.
6. Chen, S. H.(2014).The confluence of academia and industry: a case study of the taiwanese biopharmaceutical innovation system.Review of Policy Research,31(5),408-429.
7. Chen, S. H.,Lin, W. T.(2018).Analyzing determinants for promoting emerging technology through intermediaries by using a DANP-based MCDA framework.Technological Forecasting and Social Change,131,94-110.
8. Chen, S. H.,Lin, W. T.(2017).The dynamic role of universities in developing an emerging sector: a case study of the biotechnology sector.Technological Forecasting and Social Change,123,283-297.
9. Cimoli, M.(ed.),Dosi, G.(ed.),Maskus, K. E.(ed.),Okediji, R. L.(ed.),Reichman, J. H.(ed.),Stiglitz, J. E.(ed.)(2014).Intellectual Property Rights: Legal and Economic Challenges for Development.Oxford, UK:Oxford University Press.
10. Collins, S.,Wakoh, H.(2000).Universities and technology transfer in japan: recent reforms in historical perspective.The Journal of Technology Transfer,25(2),213-222.
11. Curi, C.,Daraio, C.,Llerena, P.(2015).The productivity of French technology transfer offices after government reforms.Applied Economics,47(28),3008-3019.
12. Debackere, K.,Veugelers, R.(2005).The role of academic technology transfer organizations in improving industry science links.Research Policy,34(3),321-342.
13. Friedman, J.,Silberman, J.(2003).University technology transfer: do incentives, management, and location matter?.The Journal of Technology Transfer,28(1),17-30.
14. Hsu, C. W.,Chiang, H. C.(2001).The government strategy for the upgrading of industrial technology in Taiwan.Technovation,21(2),123-132.
15. Hsu, D. W. L.,Shen, Y. C.,Yuan, B. J. C.,Chou, C. J.(2015).Toward successful commercialization of university technology: performance drivers of university technology transfer in Taiwan.Technological Forecasting and Social Change,92,25-39.
16. Hülsbeck, M.,Lehmann, E. E.,Starnecker, A.(2013).Performance of technology transfer offices in Germany.The Journal of Technology Transfer,38(3),199-215.
17. Jolly, J. A.(1980).The Stevenson-Wydler Technology Innovation Act of 1980 public law 96-480.The Journal of Technology Transfer,5(1),69-80.
18. Kalar, B.,Antoncic, B.(2015).The entrepreneurial university, academic activities and technology and knowledge transfer in four European countries.Technovation,36–37,1-11.
19. Kim, Y.(2013).The ivory tower approach to entrepreneurial linkage: productivity changes in university technology transfer.The Journal of Technology Transfer,38(2),180-197.
20. Kirkels, Y.,Duysters, G.(2010).Brokerage in SME networks.Research Policy,39(3),375-385.
21. Lai, W. H.(2011).Willingness-to-engage in technology transfer in industry–university collaborations.Journal of Business Research,64(11),1218-1223.
22. Landry, R.,Amara, N.,Cloutier, J. S.,Halilem, N.(2013).Technology transfer organizations: Services and business models.Technovation,33(12),431-449.
23. Macdonald, S.(2004).When means become ends: considering the impact of patent strategy on innovation.Information Economics and Policy,16(1),135-158.
24. McAdam, R.,Miller, K.,McAdam, M.,Teague, S.(2012).The Development of University Technology Transfer Stakeholder Relationships at a Regional Level: Lessons for the Future.Technovation,32(1),57-67.
25. O’kane, C.,Mangematin, V.,Geoghegan, W.,Fitzgerald, C.(2015).University technology transfer offices: The search for identity to build legitimacy.Research Policy,44(2),421-437.
26. OECD (2017). “Statistical Definition of Biotechnology”, From: http://www.oecd.org/sti/biotech/30. statisticaldefinitionofbiotechnology.htm
27. Sellenthin, M. O.(2009).Technology transfer offices and university patenting in Sweden and Germany.The Journal of Technology Transfer,34(6),603-620.
28. Siegel, D. S.,Waldman, D. A.,Atwater, L. E.,Link, A. N.(2003).Commercial knowledge transfers from universities to firms: improving the effectiveness of university–industry collaboration.The Journal of High Technology Management Research,14(1),111-133.
29. Smyth, S. J.,Williams, A.,Vasilescu, J.(2016).An assessment of Canadian university technology transfer offices.International Journal of Intellectual Property Management,9(1),32-50.
30. Swamidass, P. M.,Vulasa, V.(2009).Why university inventions rarely produce income? Bottlenecks in university technology transfer.The Journal of Technology Transfer,34(4),343-363.
31. Villani, E.,Rasmussen, E.,Grimaldi, R.(2016).How intermediary organizations facilitate university–industry technology transfer: a proximity approach.Technological Forecasting and Social Change,114,86-102.
32. Weckowska, D. M.(2015).Learning in university technology transfer offices: transactions-focused and relations-focused approaches to commercialization of academic research.Technovation,41–42,62-74.
33. Wolson, R. A.(2007).The role of technology transfer offices in building the South African biotechnology sector: an assessment of policies, practices and impact.The Journal of Technology Transfer,32(4),343-365.
34. Yang, L.,Maskus, K. E.(2009).Intellectual property rights, technology transfer and exports in developing countries.Journal of Development Economics,90(2),231-236.
35. Yusuf, S.(2008).Intermediating knowledge exchange between universities and businesses.Research Policy,37(8),1167-1174.
36. 施光訓,張曉楨,黃玉蘭(2017)。以 ANP 分析跨國生技醫療產業選擇本土經銷商之決策方案。績效與策略研究，12(2)，117-136。
37. 科技部 (2017) ，「 Q&A 知識庫」，取自：https://www.most.gov.tw/folksonomy/qaList?menu_id=6b761129-8e7f-4d55-9729-fe6444f62d8d&l=ch&view_mode=listView
38. 許舜喨,吳嘉恬(2012)。論我國現行科技法制對公立大學技術移轉之影響初探。科技法學評論，9(1)，151-204。
39. 經濟部生技醫藥產業發展推動小組(2017).2017 中華民國生物技術與醫藥產業簡介.台北:經濟部工業局.
40. 臺北市政府產業發展局 (2017) ，「認識臺北生技獎」，取自：http://www.biodriven.taipei/tw/awards_1.html

1. 黃婉玲,陳毓蓉,林殿琪(2020)。從實驗室到市場：產學邊界跨越機制分析。科技管理學刊，25(2)，91-126。
2. 黃心怡,陳詩欣(2020)。Revisiting the Agent Roles of the Technology Transfer Office in University Commercialization。科技管理學刊，25(1)，33-72。
3. 羅志成,彭筱芸(2020)。技專校院專利資訊搜尋行為對市場察覺能力影響之研究。科技管理學刊，25(2)，127-156。