多元價值的區隔與整合與心理適應之關聯

The Association of Compartmentalization and Integration of Multiple Values and Psychological Adjustment

10.6254/IPRCS.201906_(51).0005

林瑋芳(Wei-Fang Lin)；林以正(Yi-Cheng Lin)；黃金蘭(Chin-Lan Huang)

心理區隔 ； 心理適應 ； 矛盾共存 ； 整合 ； compartmentalization ； integration ； multicultural values ； psychological adjustment

本土心理學研究

51期（2019 / 06 / 01）

231 - 275

繁體中文

華人社會由現代化而至全球化，面對東西方文化間彼此的搓揉，劇烈的社會變遷歷程，也迫使個體無可避免地必須面對適應變遷的問題。面對矛盾特質共存可能引發的衝突，楊國樞（2004）提出區隔與整合模式作為紓困之道。本研究以實徵研究方法，比較區隔與整合模式對矛盾共存之心理適應差異。借徑Showers（1992）的卡片分類作業，在研究一與研究二中，分別以傳統與現代和積極進取與順應謙讓兩組概念，表徵多元文化下可能存在的矛盾價值，檢驗區隔程度與心理適應的關係。研究一結果發現，在傳統性與現代性此一對應價值上，採用區隔或整合模式對心理適應的影響沒有顯著差別。細究此結果，可能起因於傳統性與現代性之對比，未能充分反映個體所面臨矛盾特質並存的衝突狀態。研究二改以積極對應謙讓來表現矛盾價值並存的狀態，結果發現在面對矛盾共存的問題時，採取整合模式者較採取區隔模式者，擁有較佳的心理適應。

From modernization to globalization, Taiwan has become a multicultural society. Individuals inevitably encounter conflicts between multicultural values. Previous research has emphasized on the coping strategy of cultural conflicts to discuss how could incompatible cultural values coexist within an individual. Yang (2004) proposed two psychological mechanisms to describe coping strategies for handling multicultural values. Compartmentalization refers to exercise multicultural values in different life domains to avoid potential conflict. Integration refers to use of a coherent system comprised of the multicultural values to deal with daily life. However, Yang did not provide empirical evidence as to whether compartmentalization and integration are distinguishable and effective for managing multicultural values. The primary aim of this study is to develop a measure paradigm of Yang's compartmentalization and integration strategies and to examine the association between the use of each coping strategy and psychological adjustment. We applied Showers' (1992) card-sorting task to measure individual differences in degree of compartmentalization and integration. Participants were provided a deck of 40 cards with each card containing an adjective representing either one of the cultural values. Participants were asked to sort the cards into different groups to describe different aspects of themselves or their life. Compartmentalization implies two different cultural value cards were separated into different groups whereas integration implies composite cultural value cards in each group. In addition, we further proposed that the effect of compartmentalization and integration on psychological adjustment would be contingent upon the individual's level of multicultural value mix. Specifically, we hypothesized that integration is a better coping strategy for those who are high in multicultural value mix. For those who identify with only a specific set of cultural values, we expected no significant difference between compartmentalization and integration in psychological adjustment. In the pilot study, 327 college students completed traditionality-modernity scale. We invited 22 participants who has relative high traditionality and high modernity and 26 participants who identified modernity more to join the formal Study 1. All participants in Study 1 completed card-sorting task and a package of questionnaire including Chinese happiness inventory and subjective well-being and life satisfaction. We used traditionality and modernity as two cultural representations in card-sorting task to examine the effects of compartmentalization and integration on psychological adjustment. Neither the main effects of the coping strategies nor the extent of multicultural values, nor the interactions of these two factors were significant. One possible explanation was that current college students tend to be more modernized than traditionalized so there was not enough variation along this dimension. In Study 2, 107 college students completed card-sorting task and questionnaires. We used progressive and humble as multicultural representations to index the extent of multicultural values mix and also serving as materials in card-sorting task. Corresponding with our hypotheses, the interaction between the degree of multicultural value mix and coping strategies was significant in predicting psychological adjustment. Specifically, for those who were more identity with one specific cultural value, there was no significant difference in psychological adjustment whether individual used compartmentalization or integration strategy. In contrast, for those who were high in both cultural values, individuals who used integration strategy reported better psychological adjustment then those who used compartmentalization strategy. Our findings highlighted that both coping strategies may have an impact on psychological adjustment, but their utility varies with the individual's degree of multicultural value mix. In addition, our findings also indicated the changing cultural values in Taiwanese college students. Comparing to thirty years ago, collage samples today identify with modern cultural values more. The concepts of traditionality and modernity may be ineffective for capturing multicultural representations. The implications for multicultural conflict resolutions were also discussed.

1. 林瑋芳,鄧傳忠,林以正,黃金蘭(2013)。進退有據：中庸對拿捏行為與心理適應之關係的調節效果。本土心理學研究，40，45-84。
   連結：
2. 高旭繁,陸洛(2006)。夫妻傳統性／現代性的契合與婚姻適應之關聯。本土心理學研究，25，47-100。
   連結：
3. 陸洛(2003)。人我關係之界定──「折衷自我」的現身。本土心理學研究，20，139-207。
   連結：
4. 楊中芳(2010)。中庸實踐思維體系探研的初步進展。本土心理學研究，34，3-165。
   連結：
5. 楊國樞(2004)。華人自我的理論分析與實徵研究：社會取向與個人取向的觀點。本土心理學研究，22，11-80。
   連結：
6. Cheng, C.(2001).Assessing coping flexibility in real-life and laboratory settings: A multimethod approach.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,80(5),814-833.
7. Diener, E.,Emmons, R. A.,Larsen, R. J.,Griffin, S.(1985).The satisfaction with life scale.Journal of Personality Assessment,49(1),71-75.
8. Hong, Y.-y.,Morris, M. W.,Chiu, C. Y.,Benet-Martinez, V.(2000).Multicultural minds: A dynamic constructivist approach to culture and cognition.American Psychologist,55(7),709-720.
9. Johnson, C.(Ed.)(1970).Change in communist systems.Stanford, CA:Stanford University Press.
10. Lee, Y. C.,Lin, Y. C.,Huang, C. L.,Fredrickson, B. L.(2013).The construct and measurement of peace of mind.Journal of Happiness Studies,14(2),571-590.
11. Leung, A. K.,Maddux, W. W.,Galinsky, A. D.,Chiu, C.-y.(2008).Multicultural experience enhances creativity.American Psychologist,63(3),169-181.
12. Linville, P. W.(1987).Self-complexity as a cognitive buffer against stress-related illness and depression.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,52(4),663-676.
13. Linville, P. W.(1985).Self-complexity and affective extremity: Don't put all of your eggs in one cognitive basket.Social Cognition,3(1),94-120.
14. Lu, L.,Lin, Y. Y.(1998).Family roles and happiness in adulthood.Personality and Individual difference,25,195-207.
15. Markus, H. R.,Kitayama, S.(1991).Culture and the self: Implications for cognition, emotion, and motivation.Psychological Review,98(2),224-253.
16. Pavot, W.,Diener, E.(1993).Review of the satisfaction with life scale.Psychological Assessment,5(2),164-172.
17. Rafaeli-Mor, E.,Gotlib, I. H.,Revelle, W.(1999).The meaning and measurement of self-complexity.Personality and Individual Differences,27(2),341-356.
18. Rosenthal, R.,Rosnow, R. L.(1985).Contrast analysis: Focused comparisons in the analysis of variance.New York:Cambridge University Press.
19. Rosenthal, R.,Rosnow, R. L.(1984).Essentials of behavioral research: Methods and data analysis.New York:McGraw-Hill.
20. Showers, C. J.(1992).Compartmentalization of positive and negative self-knowledge: Keeping bad apples out of the bunch.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,62(6),1036-1049.
21. Showers, C. J.,Abramson, L. Y.,Hogan, M. E.(1998).The dynamic self: How the content and structure of the self-concept change with mood.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,75(2),478-493.
22. Showers, C. J.,Kling, K. C.(1996).Organization of self-knowledge: Implications for recovery from sad mood.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,70(3),578-590.
23. Showers, C. J.,Zeigler-Hill, V.,Limke, A.(2006).Self-structure and childhood maltreatment: Successful compartmentalization and the struggle of integration.Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology,25(5),473-507.
24. Weinberg, I.(1969).The problem of the convergence of industrial societies: A critical look at the state of a theory.Comparative Studies in Society and History,11(1),1-15.
25. Wu, C.,Yao, G.(2006).Analysis of factorial invariance across gender in the Taiwan version of the satisfaction with life scale.Personality and Individual Differences,40(6),1259-1268.
26. Yang、 K. S.(2003)。Beyond Maslow's culture-bound linear theory: A preliminary statement of the double-Y model of basic human needs。Nebraska symposium on motivation, Vol. 49: Cross-cultural differences in perspectives on the self，Lincoln, NE:
27. Yang、 K. S.(1988)。Will societal modernization eventually eliminate cross-cultural psychological differences?。The cross-cultural challenge to social psychology，Thousand Oaks, CA:
28. Zeigler-Hill, V.,Showers, C. J.(2007).Self-structure and self-esteem stability: The hidden vulnerability of compartmentalization.Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin,33(2),143.
29. 王為蒨(2006)。華人的均衡自我觀與心理適應。第一屆中庸與其心理學相關研究集思會，安徽黃山:
30. 林升棟(2002)。廣州中山大學心理學研究所。
31. 陸洛(1998)。中國人幸福感之內涵、測量及相關因素探討。國家科學委員會研究彙刊，人文及社會科學，8(1)，115-137。
32. 黃光國(2002)。從「現代性」到「本土化」：論「個人現代性」研究的方法論。從現代到本土，台北:
33. 楊中芳(2006)。華人的中庸心理與辯證思維。華人本土心理學研究的進展研討會，台北:
34. 楊宜音(2002)。社會變遷與人的變遷。從現代到本土，台北:
35. 楊國樞(1993)。傳統價值觀與現代價值觀能否同時並存。中國人的價值觀──社會科學觀點，台北:
36. 楊國樞(1995)。中國人對現代化的反應：心理學的觀點。中國人的觀念與行為，天津:
37. 楊國樞,余安邦,葉明華(1991)。中國人的個人傳統性與現代性：概念與測量。中國人的心理與行為，台北:
38. 楊國樞,李本華(1971)。五百五十七個中文人格形容詞之好惡度、意義度及熟悉度。臺灣大學心理學系研究報告，13，36-57。
39. 楊國樞,陸洛(2005)。國家科學委員會專題研究計畫成果報告國家科學委員會專題研究計畫成果報告,台北:行政院國家科學委員會。
40. 蘇怡真(2003)。中原大學心理學研究所。

1. 李宛霖(2021)。重返「本土契合性」論辯：默會之知的實踐智慧。本土心理學研究，55，3-33。
2. (2023)。台灣高齡者由自我認同邁向統整之歷程：雙文化自我的觀點。本土心理學研究，59，123-189。