The Foundation, Practice, and Challenges of the Intelligent Campus for Education

智慧校園教育的基礎、實踐與挑戰

10.6384/CIQ.202004_23(2).0003

劉子彰(Tze-Chang Liu)

intelligent campus ； open education ； open knowledge ； learning analytic ； digital ethics ； 智慧校園 ； 開放教育 ； 開放知識 ； 學習分析 ； 數位倫理

課程與教學

23卷2期（2020 / 04 / 01）

55 - 76

英文

This paper, trying to fulfill the possible research gap, discusses three aspects for the intelligent campus that educators need to consider. First, the new campus should be viewed as part of open education and open knowledge, in which the openness is extremely important when conducting the campus. Secondly, it should be practical enough to improve students' analytical learning. Next, the challenges of long-term development should be considered as it would involve data privacy and the digital divide. Educators are suggested to develop and design a curriculum more suitable and effective in the intelligent campus based on these aspects.

本文討論了教育工作者需要考量智慧校園的三個面向，用以補足智慧校園研究上所缺乏之處。第一，是智慧校園的基本思維。智慧校園可以看作是開放教育和開放知識的一部分。建構智慧校園時，需要重視開放概念思維。第二，是對智慧校園的實用建議。智慧校園的一個主要目的是改善學生的學習，而學習分析應該是實用的方法之一。第三，是智慧校園長期發展的挑戰，它涉及數據隱私問題和數位落差議題。這些可以指引教育工作者在智慧校園中開發和設計更適合和有效的課程。

1. Alexander, P. A.(2003).The development of expertise: The journey from acclimation to proficiency.Educational Researcher,32(8),10-14.
2. Arthur, W. B.(2009).The nature of technology.New York, NY:Free Press.
3. Avella, J. T.,Kebritchi, M.,Nunn, S. G.,Kanai, T.(2016).Learning analytics methods, benefits, and challenges in higher education: A systematic literature review.Online Learn,20(2),13-29.
4. Bailey, C. W.(2005).Open access bibliography: Liberating scholarly literature with e-prints and open access journals.Washington, DC:Association of Research Libraries.
5. Benkler, Y.(2003).,未出版
6. Benson, V.,Filippaios, F.(2019).The role of learning analytics in networking for business and leisure: A study of culture and gender differences in social platform users.Computers in Human Behavior,92,613-624.
7. Berlin Declaration (2003). Berlin Declaration on open access to knowledge in the sciences and humanities. Retrieved from https://openaccess.mpg.de/67605/berlin_declaration_engl.pdf
8. Besley, A. C.,Peters, M. A.(2007).Subjectivity and truth: Foucault, education, and the culture of self.New York, NY:Peter Lang.
9. Boyd, D.,Crawford, K.(2012).Critical questions for big data: Provocations for a cultural, technological, and scholarly phenomenon.Information Communication & Society,15(5),662-679.
10. Carter, P. L.,Reardon, S. F.(2014).,未出版
11. Chatti, M. A.,Dyckhoff, A. L.,Schroeder, U.,Thüs, H.(2012).A reference model for learning analytics.International Journal of Technology Enhanced Learning,4(5/6),1-22.
12. Conde, M. A.,Hernandez-Garcia, A.(2015).Learning analytics for educational decision making.Computer in Human Behavior,47,1-3.
13. CTOED (2007). Cape town open education declaration: Unlocking the promise of open educational resources. Retrieved from http://www.open.uwi.edu/sites/default/files/docs/P11Capetown.pdf
14. Dolan, J. E.(2016).Splicing the divide: A review of research on the evolving digital divide among Ke12 students.Journal of Research on Technology in Education,48(1),16-37.
15. Drachsler, H.,Kalz, M.(2016).The MOOC and learning analytics innovative cycle (MOLAC): A reflective summary of ongoing research and its challenges.Journal of Computer Assisted Learning,32,281-290.
16. Ferguson, R.(2012).Learning analytics: Drivers, developments and challenges.International Journal of Technology Enhanced Learning,4(5/6),304-317.
17. Floridi, L.(2012).Big data and their epistemological challenge.Philosophy & Technology,25(4),435-437.
18. García‐Peñalvo, F.,García de Figuerola, C.,Merlo, J.(2010).Open knowledge: Challenges and facts.Online Information Review,34(4),520-539.
19. Gates, B. (2006, January 25). The road ahead. Newsweek. Retrieved from http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/11020787/
20. Geser, G.(2007).Open educational practices and resources - OLCOS roadmap 2012.
21. Gorski, P. C.(2009).Insisting on digital equity reframing the dominant discourse on multicultural education and technology.Urban Education,44(3),348-364.
22. Grimes, D.,Warschauer, M.(2008).Learning with laptops: A multi-method case study.Journal of Educational Computing Research,38(3),305-332.
23. Hargittai, E.,Hsieh, Y. P.(2013).Digital inequality.The Oxford handbook of internet studies
24. Harnad, S.(2005).The implementation of the Berlin Declaration on Open Access.D-Lib Magazine,11(3)
25. Hawkins, B. L.,Oblinger, D. G.(2006).The myth about the digital divide.Educause Review,41(4),12-13.
26. Heidegger, M.,Lovitt, W.(Trans.)(1977).The question concerning technology and other essays.New York, NY:Garland.
27. Hohlfeld, T. N.,Ritzhaupt, A. D.,Barron, A. E.,Kemker, K.(2008).Examining the digital divide in K-12 public schools: Four-year trends for supporting ICT literacy in Florida.Computers & Education,51(4),1648-1663.
28. Hohlfeld, T. N.,Ritzhaupt, A. D.,Dawson, K.,Wilson, M.(2017).An examination of seven years of technology integration in Florida schools: Through the lens of the levels of digital divide in schools.Computers & Education,113,135-161.
29. Hu, Y. H.,Lo, C. L.,Shih, S. P.(2014).Developing early warning systems to predict students’ online learning performance.Computers in Human Behavior,36,469-478.
30. Huang, A. Y. Q.,Lu, O. H. T.,Huang, J. C. H.,Yin, C. J.,Yang, S. J. H.(2019).Predicting students’ academic performance by using educational big data and learning analytics: Evaluation of classification methods and learning logs.Interactive Learning Environments
31. Jesson, R.,Mcnaughton, S.,Rosedale, N.,Zhu, T.,Cockle, V.(2018).A mixed-methods study to identify effective practices in the teaching of writing in a digital learning environment in low income schools.Computers & Education,119,14-30.
32. Judge, S.,Puckett, K.,Bell, S. M.(2006).Closing the digital divide: Update from the early childhood longitudinal study.The Journal of Educational Research,100(1),52-60.
33. Junco, R.,Clem, C.(2015).Predicting course outcomes with digital textbook usage data.The Internet and Higher Education,27,54-63.
34. Kim, M. C.,Kim, J. K.(2001).Digital divide: Conceptual discussions and prospect.The human society and the internet internet-related socio-economic issues
35. Kuzilek, J.,Hlosta, M.,Herrmannova, D.,Zdrahal, Z.,Wolff, A.(2015).OU analyse: Analysing at-risk students at The Open University.Learning Analytics Review\,LAK 15-1,1-16.
36. Kwok, L. F.(2015).A vision for the development of i-campus.Kwok Smart Learning Environments,2(2)
37. Lim, C. P.,Zhao, Y.,Tondeur, J.,Chai, C. S.,Tsai, C. C.(2013).Bridging the gap: Technology trends and use of technology in schools.Journal of Educational Technology & Society,16(2),59-68.
38. Lin, Y. H.,Ko, T. M.,Chuang, T. R.,Lin, K. J.(2006).Open source licenses and the creative commons framework: License selection and comparison.Journal of Information Science and Engineering,22(1),1-17.
39. Lombardi, P.,Giordano, S.,Farouh, H.,Yousef, W.(2012).Modelling the smart city performance: Innovation.The European Journal of Social Science Research,25(2),137-149.
40. Long, P.,Siemens, G.(2011).Penetrating the fog: Analytics in learning and education.Educause Review,46(5),31-40.
41. Mah, D.-K.(2016).Learning analytics and digital badges: Potential impact on student retention in higher education.Technology, Knowledge and Learning,21(3),285-305.
42. Marion, R.(1999).The edge of organization: Chaos and complexity theories of formal social system.London, UK:Sage.
43. Markowetz, A.,Błaszkiewicz, K.,Montag, C.,Switala, C.,Schlaepfer, T. E.(2014).Psycho- Informatics: Big data shaping modern psychometrics.Medical Hypotheses,82(4),405-411.
44. McLoughlin, C.,Lee, M. J. W.(2008).The three P’s of pedagogy for the networked society: Personalization, participation, and productivity.International Journal of Teaching and Learning in Higher Education,20(1),10-27.
45. Molloy, J. C.(2011).The open knowledge foundation: Open data means better science.PLOS Biology,9(12)
46. Muhamad, W.,Kurniawan, N. B.,Suhardi, S.,Yazid, S.(2017).Smart campus features, technologies, and applications: A systematic literature reviews.2017 International Conference on Information Technology Systems and Innovation (ICITSI),Bandung:
47. Nelaturu, S. C. B.,Kambham, R.,Karna, N. J.,Parupalli, R.,Mandula, K.(2010).Building intelligent campus environment utilizing ubiquitous learning.2010 International Conference on Technology for Education,Mumbai, India:
48. OECD (1996). The knowledge-based economy. Retrieved from http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/51/8/1913021.pdf
49. Peters, M. A.(2007).The political economy of informational democracy.Global knowledge cultures,Rotterdam, Netherland:
50. Peters, M. A.,Britez, R. G.(2008).Introduction: Open education and education for openness.Open education and education for openness,Rotterdam, Netherlands:
51. Purcell, K.,Heaps, A.,Buchanan, J.,Friedrich, L.(2013).How teachers are using technology at home and in their classrooms.Washington, DC:Pew Research Center’s Internet & American Life Project.
52. Puschmann, C.,Burgess, J.(2014).Big data, big questions metaphors of big data.International Journal of Communication,8,1690-1709.
53. Reinhart, J. M.,Thomas, E.,Torskie, J. M.(2011).K-12 teachers: Technology use and the second level digital divide.Journal of Instructional Psychology,38(3),181.
54. Reyes, J. A.(2015).The skinny on big data in education: Learning analytics simplified.TechTrend,59(2),75-80.
55. Rubel, A.,Jones, K.(2016).Student privacy in learning analytics: An information ethics perspective.The Information Society,32(2),143-159.
56. Thelwall, M.,Vaughan, L.(2004).A fair history of the web? Examining country balance in the internet archive.Library & Information Science Research,26(2),162-176.
57. Tukdeo, S.(2008).The power of P2P: Information networks, social organizing and education futures.Open education and education for openness,Rotterdam, Netherlands:
58. Tunnell, D.(1975).Open education: An expression in search of definition.The philosophy of open education,London, UK:
59. Turner, F.(2006).From counterculture to cyberculture: Steward, the whole earth network, and the rise of digital utopianism.Chicago, IL:The University of Chicago Press.
60. UNESCO(2002).,Paris, France:UNESCO.
61. Van Dijk, J.,Hacker, K.(2003).The digital divide as a complex and dynamic phenomenon.The Information Society,19,315-326.
62. Viberg, O.,Hatakka, M.,Bälter, O.,Mavroudi, A.(2018).The current landscape of learning analytics in higher education.Computers in Human Behavior,89,98-110.
63. Villagrá-Arnedo, C. J.,Gallego-Durán, F. J.,Llorens-Largo, F.,Compañ-Rosique, P.,Satorre-Cuerda, R.,Molina-Carmona, R.(2017).Improving the expressiveness of black-box models for predicting student performance.Computers in Human Behavior,72,621-631.
64. Warschauer, M.,Knobel, M.,Stone, L.(2004).Technology and equity in schooling: Deconstructing the digital divide.Educational Policy,18(4),562-588.
65. Warschauer, M.,Matuchniak, T.(2010).New technology and digital worlds: Analyzing evidence of equity in access, use, and outcomes.Review of Research in Education,34(1),179-225.
66. Weiss, J. W.,Gulati, G. J.,Yates, D. J.,Yates, L. E.(2015).Mobile broadband affordability and the global digital divided in information ethics perspective.2015 48th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS),Hawaii:
67. Wiley, D.,Gurrell, S.(2009).A decade of development open learning.The Journal of Open and Distance Learning,24(1),11-21.
68. World Bank(1998).,未出版
69. Xing, W.,Guo, R.,Petakovic, E.,Goggins, S.(2015).Participation-based student final performance prediction model through interpretable Genetic Programming: Integrating learning analytics, educational data mining and theory.Computers in Human Behavior,47,168-181.
70. Xu, X.,Wang, Y.,Yu, S.(2018).Teaching performance evaluation in smart campus.IEEE Access,6,77754-77766.
71. Yang, A-M.,Li, S-S.,Ren, C-H.,Liu, H-X.,Han, Y.,Liu, L.(2018).Situational Awareness System in the Smart Campus.IEEE Access,6,63976-63986.
72. Yang, Y.-T. C.,Wu, W.-C. I.(2012).Digital storytelling for enhancing student academic achievement, critical thinking, and learning motivation: A year-long experimental study.Computers & Education,59(2),339-352.
73. Yu, L.(2006).Understanding information inequality: Making sense of the literature of the information and digital divides.Journal of Librarianship and Information Science,38(4),229-252.
74. Zhai, X.,Dong, Y.,Yuan, J.(2018).Investigating learners’ technology engagement – A Perspective from ubiquitous game-based learning in smart campus.IEEE Access,6,10279-10287.
75. Zhang, M.,Trussell, R. P.,Tillman, D. A.,An, S. A.(2015).Tracking the rise of web information needs for mobile education and an emerging trend of digital divide.Computers in the Schools,32(2),83-104.