伊斯蘭世界的運動休閒觀

Perspectives on Sports and Leisure in the Islamic World

10.6162/SRR.202106_(157).0001

熊道天(Tao-Tien Hsiung)

穆斯林 ； 古蘭經 ； 聖訓 ； 伊斯蘭教法 ； 薩拉菲主義 ； Muslim ； Qur'an ； Hadith ； Islamic law ； Salafist doctrine

大專體育

157期（2021 / 06 / 30）

1 - 12

繁體中文

目前全球穆斯林人數占了世界人口四分之一，但仍然有許多人對伊斯蘭教因缺乏認識產生許多誤解。其中，不少人誤以為伊斯蘭教禁止信徒參與運動與休閒活動。本文分別從傳統伊斯蘭教經典《古蘭經》及聖訓，以及當代不同伊斯蘭教法學派之角度，目的在探討伊斯蘭世界的運動休閒觀，進一步探討現代運動休閒在伊斯蘭世界的發展。分析結果發現伊斯蘭教鼓勵穆斯林從事各類對於身體健康有益之活動，特別是跑步、摔跤、騎術、游泳以及投擲與射箭等傳統運動。但現代化之運動休閒項目不在《古蘭經》及聖訓的規範中，因此不同教法學派之宗教學者對運動休閒看法分歧。半世俗化或世俗化的穆斯林國家對運動休閒的態度較開放，君主制或保守派穆斯林國家則因盛行薩拉菲主義，排斥西方文化因而認為現代化運動休閒是西方文化的入侵，加上職業運動難以和酒精、賭博、性等伊斯蘭教中的非法事物劃清界線，使得許多穆斯林國家禁止民眾從事現代化的運動休閒。儘管如此，伊斯蘭世界在全球化快速變遷的影響下，也逐漸對運動休閒採取開放的態度，不少穆斯林國家結合運動與觀光，壯大運動產業和觀光業，或透過舉辦國際運動賽事，爭取國際地位和政治利益。本文提供新的研究議題，也能藉此更瞭解伊斯蘭世界，期盼能為臺灣運動休閒產業開創新商機。

At present, Muslims account for more than a quarter of the world's population. However, misunderstandings persist about the status of sports within Islamic beliefs. Many people mistakenly suppose that Islam prohibits followers from participating in sports and leisure activities. The purpose of this article is to explore relevant perspectives within the Islamic world by examining the traditional Islamic law of the Qur'an and Hadiths, as well as different contemporary Islamic legal schools. Results indicate that Islam encourages Muslims to engage in various activities that are beneficial to health, including running, wrestling, riding, throwing and shooting, and swimming. However, some modern sports and leisure activities are not found in the Qur'an and Hadith norms, sparking differences among religious scholars. Semi-secular or secular Muslim countries are relatively open. The socially conservative Salafist doctrine prevalent in Muslim monarchies and conservative Muslim countries, however, takes modern sports and leisure as an unacceptable invasion of Western culture. Islam draws a line against gambling, consumption of alcoholic beverages, illicit sex, and other activities, leading many Muslim countries to prohibit participation in modern sports and leisure. Nevertheless, under the influence of rapid globalization, the Islamic world is gradually adopting a more open attitude in this area. They strive for international status and promote their political interests by holding international sports events. Furthermore, combining sports and tourism has strengthened those two industries. This article provides new research topics and a deeper understanding of the Islamic world, potentially opening up new business opportunities for Taiwan's sports and leisure industry.

1. 熊道天, T.-T.(2016)。臺灣穆斯林族群運動參與及休閒涉入之探究。中華體育季刊，30(4)，271-278。
   連結：
2. 羅彥傑, Y.-C.(2005)。伊斯蘭教與民主—一個新制度論的分析。問題與研究，44(4)，45-73。
   連結：
3. AktaŞ, G.,Atrek, B.,Kurt, S. D.(2015).Sports as a “green product” in destination marketing: Case of windsurfing in Cesme, Turkey.Journal of Yasar University,10(39),6596-6606.
4. al-Bukhari、 M.,康有璽（譯）, M. M.(Trans.)(1999).布哈里聖訓實錄全集.臺北市=Taipei, Taiwan:經濟日報=Economic Daily News.
5. al-Qaradawi, Y.(1999).The lawful and the prohibited in Islam.Oak Brook, IL:American Trust.
6. Aman, M. S.,Omar Fauzee, M. S,Mohamed, M.(2007).The understanding of meaning and cultural significance of leisure, recreation and sport in Malaysia towards capitalizing human resources.Journal of Global Business Management,3(2),129-135.
7. Amara, M.(2011).The importance of culture: Sport and development in the Arab world―Between tradition and modernity.Routledge handbook of sports development,New York, NY:
8. Ayar, H.(2018).İslam’da boŞ zaman ve spor.The Journal of International Social Research,11(56),1051-1055.
9. Baker, R. W.(2003).Islam without fear: Egypt and the new Islamists.Cambridge, MA:Harvard University Press.
10. Bangun, S. Y.(2014).The role of recreational sport toward the development of sport tourism in Indonesia in increasing the nations quality of life.Asian Social Science,10(5),98-103.
11. Bayat, A.(2007).Islamism and the politics of fun.Public Culture,19(3),433-459.
12. Bayram, M.,Aka, S. T.,Geçit, M. S.,Şebin, K.(2019).İslam’da sporun önemi ve ahlaki.Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi,5(1),207-224.
13. Beisser, A. R.(1973).Modern man and sports.Sport and society: An anthology,Boston, MA:
14. Canan, İ.(2012).İslam’da zaman Tanzimi.Istanbul, Turkey:IŞık Yayınları.
15. Cordes, K. A.,Ibrahim, H.(1999).Applications in recreation & leisure: For today and the future.Boston, MA:McGraw-Hill.
16. Daiman, S.(1995).Women in sport in Islam.ICHPER-SD Journal,32(1),18-21.
17. de Knop, P.,Theeboom, M.,Wittock, H.,de Martelaer, K.(1996).Implications of Islam on Muslim girls’sport participation in Western Europe. Literature review and policy recommendations for sport promotion.Sport, Education and Society,1(2),147-164.
18. Demirhan, G.,Konukman, F.(2012).Selim Sırrı Tarcan: A pioneer in the development of physical education and sports in Turkey.Kinesiology, Sport Studies and Physical Education Faculty Publications,54,41-48.
19. Hillenbrand、 C.,何修瑜（譯）, X.-Y.(Trans.)(2018).伊斯蘭新史.臺北市=Taipei, Taiwan:貓頭鷹=Owl.
20. Ibrahim, H.(1982).Leisure and Islam.Leisure Studies,1(2),197-210.
21. islamweb.net. (2001). Islamic view of dangerous and expensive sports. Retrieved from https://www.islamweb.net/en/fatwa/82677/islamic-view-of-dangerous-and-expensive-sports
22. Kamiyole, A. O.(1993).Physical educators’ albatross in African Muslim societies.International Journal of Physical Education,30(2),28-31.
23. Kizar, O.(2018).The place of sports in the light of Quran, Hadiths and the opinions of the Muslim scholar in Islam.Universal Journal of Educational Research,6(11),2663-2668.
24. Kloek, M. E.,Peters, K.,Sijtsma, M.(2013).How Muslim women in the Netherlands negotiate discrimination during leisure activities.Leisure Sciences,35(5),405-421.
25. Krawietz, B.(2014).Sport and nationalism in the Republic of Turkey.The International Journal of the History of Sport,31(3),336-346.
26. Lee, Y.-S.,Funk, D. C.(2011).Recreational sport participation and migrants’ acculturation.Managing Leisure,16(1),1-16.
27. Lüküslü, D.,DinçŞahin, Ş.(2013).Shaping bodies shaping minds: Selim Sırrı Tarcan and the origins of modern physical education in Turkey.The International Journal of the History of Sport,30(3),195-209.
28. Luton, R.,Hong, F.(2007).The polarization of sport: GANEFO—A case study.Sport, nationalism, and orientalism. The Asian Games,London, UK:
29. Manaz, A.(2005).Islam and sport.Interfaith Committee of Torino 2006, Scientific Interfaith Committee,Torino, Italy:
30. Marwat, M. K.,Zia-ul-Islam, S.,Waseem, M.,Khattak, H.,Bibi, S.(2014).Sport performance of Muslim women and different constraints in their way to participation in sport.International Journal of Humanities and Social Science,4(10),208-214.
31. Omar-Fauzee, M. S.,Abd-Latif, R.(2010).The perspective of Arabic Muslim women toward sport participation.Journal of Asia Pacific Studies,1(2),364-377.
32. Pfister, G.(2010).Women and sport in Islamic countries.Forum for Idræt, Historie & Samfund,26(1),47-59.
33. Polat, Z.,Demirel, Ö.(2016).Evaluation of alternative tourism in the light of natural, cultural and visual resources in Turkey landscape.Journal of Environmental Protection and Ecology,17(3),1220-1228.
34. Polka, S.(2003).The centrist stream in Egypt and its role in the public discourse surrounding the shaping of the country’s cultural identity.Middle Eastern Studies,39(3),39-64.
35. Spengler, F.(2019).Shar’i norms and German school: Court challenges to participation in swimming lessons, school trips and sex education.Islam and Christian―Muslim Relations,30(3),363-382.
36. Stodolska, M.,Livengood, J. S.(2006).The influence of religion on the leisure behavior of immigrant Muslim in the United State.Journal of Leisure Research,38(3),293-320.
37. Van der Westhuizen, J.(2004).Marketing Malaysia as a model modern Muslim state: The significance of the 16th Commonwealth Games.Third World Quarterly,25(7),1277-1291.
38. van Nieuwkerk, K.(2008).Creating an Islamic culture sphere: Contested notions of art, leisure and entertainment. An introduction.Contemporary Islam,2(3),169-176.
39. Wagg, S.(1995).Giving the game away: Football, politics and culture on five continents.Leicester, UK:Leicester University Press.
40. Walseth, K.,Fasting, K.(2003).Islam’s view on physical activity and sport: Egyptian women interpreting Islam.International Review for the Sociology of Sport,38(1),45-60.
41. Walseth, K.,Fasting, K.(2004).Sport as a means of integrating minority women.Sport in Society,7(1),109-129.
42. Whitaker, B. (2006). President lifts ban on women watching football in Iran. Retrieved from https://www.theguardian.com/world/2006/apr/25/iran.gender
43. Winter, O.,Shavit, U.(2011).Sports in contemporary Islamic law.Islamic Law and Society,18(2),250-280.
44. 王東平, D.-P.(2000)。清代回疆婚姻制度研究。漢學研究，18(1)，187-207。
45. 王濤, T.,寧彧, Y.(2017)。英文文獻中的薩拉菲主義研究評述。拉伯世界研究，3，34-47。
46. 交通部觀光局（2021）。穆斯林友善環境。資料引自https://www.taiwan.net.tw/m1.aspx?sNo=0020023[Tourism Bureau, Ministry of Transportation and Communications. (2021). Muslim-friendly environment. Retrieved from https://www.taiwan.net.tw/m1.aspx?sNo=0020023]
47. 林長寬, C.-K.(2014)。認識伊斯蘭文化。伊斯蘭：文化與生活特展，臺北市=Taipei, Taiwan:
48. 洪嘉文, C.-W.(2000)。運動與偏差行為關係之探討。中華體育季刊，14(3)，8-16。
49. 國家教育研究院（2000）。運動（體育）。資料引自https://terms.naer.edu.tw/detail/1312660[National Academy for Educational Research. (2000). Sport. Retrieved from https://terms.naer.edu.tw/detail/1312660]
50. 常見藤代, F.,康逸嵐（譯）, Y.-L.(Trans.)(2019).伊斯蘭式幸福：面紗與頭巾下的真實日常,世界上最純粹的生活信仰.臺北市=Taipei, Taiwan:創意市集=Inno Fair.
51. 熊道天, T.-T.(2019)。運動服務業發展之探析—土耳其的例子。運動管理，44，41-57。
52. 趙錫麟, X.-L.(2019).穆民基礎：淺顯的回教入門知識.臺北市=Taipei, Taiwan:財團法人中國回教文化教育基金會=Chinese Islamic Cultural & Educational Foundation.
53. 蔡百銓, P.-C.(1995).伊斯蘭：教派、律法與聖地.臺北市=Taipei, Taiwan:中華民國阿拉伯文化經濟協會=Sino-Arabian Cultural & Economic Association.

1. 熊道天,黃僅喻,王鈞逸(2022)。文化觀點論土耳其運動教育之推展。臺中科大體育學刊，18，98-112。