父母共親職類型與親職壓力之探討

Coparenting Patterns and Parenting Stress

林惠雅(Huey-Ya Lin)

共親職 ； 親職壓力 ； coparnting ； parenting stress

應用心理研究

46期（2010 / 06 / 01）

125 - 151

繁體中文

本研究主要目的是探討父親和母親教養聯盟和親職參與所構成的共親職類型、家庭特徵因素和親職壓力的關聯。本研究以大台北地區有國小低、高年級學童之父母，而父母未曾離婚或分居者為研究對象，共計805對父母。研究工具包括「教養聯盟量表」、「親職參與量表」、「親職壓力量表」。本研究重要結果顯示，共親職類型有「同心協力型」、「干預撤離型」和「母主內型」三種類型。其次，從家庭層次來看，母親親職壓力大於父親。而且，比之「母主內型」父母，「同心協力型」父母在各面向的親職壓力都較小，「干預撤離型」父母在「親子關係」的壓力較大，「健康發展」壓力較小，「生活調適」和「教養爭議」壓力則沒有顯著差異。家庭特徵變項中，父親收入越少者，父母在「親子關係」、「健康發展」、「教養爭議」越大，子女性別為兒子、較少子女數、母親非全職工作者，父母有較大的「親子關係」壓力，低年級學童父母的「生活調適」壓力較大。本研究發現「同心協力型」父母的親職壓力最小，在理論建構和實務上均具有意義。

The main goals of the present study were to investigate coparenting the effects of coparenting patterns and family characteristics on parenting stress. The subjects of the present study included 805 pairs of parents in Taipei City and Taipei County. These parents had at least one child who was 1(superscript st)-2(superscript nd) or 5(superscript th)-6(superscript th) graders in elementary school. Three instruments were used in the present study including ”Parenting Alliance Scale”, ”Parental Involvement Scale”, and ”Parenting Stress Scale”. The results showed, first of all, there were three coparenting patterns: ”support and involvement”, ”undermining and withdrawal”, and ”high maternal involvement”. Secondly, based on the analyses of family level, mothers experienced a higher level of parenting stress than fathers did. Compaed to parents in ”high maternal involvement pattern”, parents in ”support and involvement pattern” experienced a lower level of parenting stress in every aspect; however, parents in ”undermining and withdrawal” experienced a higher level of parenting stress in the ”parent-child relationship” aspect and a lower level of parenting stress in the ”health and development” aspect. As for the ”life adjustment” and ”parenting argument”, aspects of parenting stress, there were no significant differences between parents in ”high maternal involvement” and parents in ”undermining and withdrawal”. Finally, parents with lower father income experienced a higher level of parenting stress ing the ”parent-child relationship,” ”health and development,” and ”parenting argument” aspects parents with sons, or parents with fewer children, or mothers without full-time jobs expericened a higher level of parenting stress in the ”parent-child relationship” aspect; parents with 1(superscript st)-2(superscript nd) graders experienced a higher level of parenting stress in the ”life adjustment” aspect. The results showed that parents in ”support and involvement” experienced a lower level of parenting stress. Result of the present study provide implications for theory building and parenting practice.

1. 林惠雅(2007)。學齡前兒童之父母的共親職與親職感受的關係。本土心理學研究，27，177-233。
   連結：
2. 陳富美、利翠珊(2004)。夫妻的育兒經驗：親職分工與共親職的探討。中華心理衛生學刊，17，4+1-28。
   連結：
3. 劉佩榕(2003)。以生態觀點思考障礙兒父母之親職壓力。諮商與輔導，211，21-23。
   連結：
4. Abidin, R. R.(1992).The determinants of parenting behavior.Journal of Psychology,21(4),407-412.
5. Abidin, R. R.(1990).Introduction to the special issue: The stresses of parenting.Journal of Clinical Child Psychology,19(4),298-301.
6. Baker, D. B.,McCal, K.(1995).Parenting stress in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and parents of children with learning disabilities.Journal of Child and Family Studies,4(1),57-68.
7. Baruch, G. K.,Barnett, R. C.(1986).Consequences of fathers' participation in family work: Parents' role strain and well-being.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,51(5),983-992.
8. Bonds, D. D.,Gondoli, D. M.,Sturge-Apple, M. L.,Salem, L. N.(2002).Parenting stress as a mediator of the relation between parenting support and optimal parenting.Parenting: Science and Practice,2(4),409-435.
9. Bornstein, M. H.(Ed.)(2002).Handbook of Parenting: Vol. 5 Practical issues in parenting.Mahwah, NJ:Lawrence Erlbaum.
10. Cain, D. S.,Combs, O. T.(2005).Family structure effects on parenting stress and practices in the African American family.Journal of Sociology and Social Welfare,32(2),19-39.
11. Choen, B.(Ed.),Cohler, B.(Ed.),Weissman, S.(Ed.)(1984).Parenthood: A psychodynamic perspective.NY:Guilford.
12. Crnic, K. A.,Booth, C. L.(1991).Mothers' and fathers' perceptions of daily hassles of parenting across early childhood.Journal of Marriage and the Family,53(4),1042-1050.
13. Crnic, K. A.,Greenberg, M. T.(1990).Minor parenting stresses with young children.Child Development,61(5),1628-1637.
14. Duncan, G.,Brooks, G. J.(2000).Family poverty, welfare form, and child development.Child Development,71(1),188-196.
15. Ehrenberg, M. F,Gearing, S. M.,Hunter, M. A.,Small, B. J.(2001).Childcare task division and shared parenting attitudes in dual-earner families with young children.Family Relations,50(2),143-154.
16. Else, Q. N. M.,Hyde, J. S.,Goldsmith, G. G.,van Hulle, C. A.(2006).Gender differences in temperament: A meta-analysis.Psychological Bullettin,132(1),33-72.
17. Emery, S. D. S.,Tuer, R. E.(1993).Parental functioning and children's adjustment in families of divorce: A prospective study.Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology,21(1),119-134.
18. Erel, O.,Burman, B.(1995).Interrelatedness of marital relations and parent-child relations: A meta-analytic review.Psychological Bulletin,118,108-132.
19. Esdaile, S. A.,Greenwood, K. M.(2003).A comparison of mothers' and fathers' experiences of parenting stress and attributions for parent-child interaction outcomes.Occupational Therapy International,10(2),115-126.
20. Feinberg, M. E.(2003).The internal structure and ecological context of coparenting: A frame work for research and intervention.Parenting: Science and Practice,3(2),95-131.
21. Floyd, F. J.,Zmich, D. E.(1991).Marriage and the parenting partnership: Perceptions and interaction of parents with mentally retarded and typically developing children.Child Development,62(6),1434-1448.
22. Gable, S.,Cmic, K.,Belsky, J.(1994).Coparenting within the family system: Influences on child development.Family Relations,43(4),380-387.
23. Harold, G. T.,Conger, R. D.(1997).Marital conflict and adolescent distress: The role of adolescent awareness.Child Development,68,330-350.
24. Jouriles, E. N.,Farris, A. M.(1992).Effects of marital conflict on subsequent parent-son interactions.Behavior Therapy,23,355-374.
25. Katz, L. F.,Gottman, J. M.(1996).Spillover effects of marital conflict: in search of parenting and coparenting mechanisms.Understanding how family-level dynamics for children's development: studies of two-parent families,NY:
26. Keenan, K.,Shaw, D.(1997).Developmental and social influences on young girls' early problem behavior.Psychological Bulletin,121(1),95-113.
27. Madden, D. D. A.,Leonard, S. A.(2000).Parental role identity and fathers' involvement in coparental interaction after divorce: Fathers' perspectives.Family Relations,49(3),311-319.
28. Marshall, N.,Noonan, A.,McCartney, K.,Marx, F.,Keefe, N.(2001).It takes an urban village: Parenting networks of urban families.Journal of Family Issues,22(2),163-182.
29. McBride, B. A.,Rane, T. R.(1998).Parenting alliance as a predictor father involvement: An exploratory study.Family Relations,47(3),229-236.
30. McLoyd, V. C.(1998).Socioeconomic disadvantage and child development.American Psychologist,53(2),185-204.
31. Mulsow, M.,Caldera, Y.,Pursley, M.,Reifman, A.,Huston, A. C.(2002).Multilevel factors influencing maternal stress during the first three years.Journal of Marriage and Family,64(4),944-957.
32. Newman, B.,Newman, P.(1995).Development through life: A psychosocial approach.Pacific Grove, CA:Brooks/Cole.
33. Östberg, M.,Hagekull, B.(2000).A structural modeling approach to the understanding of parenting stress.Journal of Clinical Child Psychology,29(4),615-625.
34. Podolski, C.,Nigg, J, T.(2001).Parent stress and coping in relation to child ADHD severity and associated child disruptive behavior problems.Journal of Clinical Child Psychology,30(4),503-513.
35. Raikes, H. A.,Thompson, R. A.(2005).Efficacy and social support as predictors of parenting stress among families in poverty.Infant mental Health Journal,26(3),177-190.
36. Ridley, C. A.,Wihelm, M. S.,Surra, C. A.(2001).Married couples' conflict responses and marital quality.Journal of Social and Personal Relationships,18(4),517-534.
37. Rordrigues, C. M.,Green, A. J.(1997).Parenting stress and anger expression as predictors of child abuse potential.Child Abuse potential and Neglect,21(4),67-377.
38. Russell, A.,Russell, G.(2004).Coparenting early school-age children: An examination of mother-father interdependence within families.Developmental Psychology,30(5),757-770.
39. Scher, A.,Sharabany, R.(2005).Parenting anxiety and stress: Does gender play a part at 3 months of age?.The Journal of Genetic Psychology,166(2),203-213.
40. Sepa, A.,Frodi, A.,Ludvigsson, J.(2004).Psychosocial correlates of parenting stress, lack of support and lack of confidence/security.Scandinavian Journal of Psychology,45(2),169-179.
41. Shonkoff, J.(1985).Social support and vulnearability to stress: A Pediatric perspective.Pediatric Annals,14(8),550-554.
42. Taylor, J. Y.,Washington, O. G. M.,Artinian, N. T.,Lichtenberg, P.(2007).Parental stress among African American parents and grandparents.Issues in Mental Health Nursing,28(4),373-387.
43. Webster-Stratton, C.(1990).Stress: A potential disruption of parent perceptions and family interactions.Journal of Clinical Child Psychology,19(4),302-312.
44. Weiss, S.(1991).Stressors experienced by family caregivers of children with pervasive developmental disorder.Child Psychology and Human Development,21(3),203-216.
45. Williford, A. P.,Calkins, S. D.,Keane, S. P.(2007).Predicting change in parenting stress across early childhood: Child and maternal factors.Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology,35(2),251-263.
46. 吳家玲(2008)。台灣親職壓力相關研究之回顧與分析。台南科技大學通識教育學刊，7，63-89。
47. 陳若琳、李青松(2001)。台北縣雙工作家庭父母親的親職喜悅與壓力之探討。生活科學學報，7，157-180。
48. 曾資蓉、周傳姜(2006)。氣喘孩童母親的親職壓力及因應行為。護理雜誌，53(4)，31-40。
49. 楊國樞(1996)。,未出版

1. 陳若琳、孫怡、林寬佳、吳維紋(2016)。探討發展遲緩幼童之父母親職壓力與生活品質之相關－以親職效能為中介變項。護理雜誌，63(5)，33-43。
2. 許詩淇、張思嘉、李惟新(2018)。「新好男人」、「新好女人」？當代華人婚姻關係中的角色義務。本土心理學研究，50，209-261。
3. 趙家琛,陳嫺霓,吳怡慧(2018)。一位資優自閉症國中生家長替代親職壓力與親職效能之個案研究。特殊教育發展期刊，65，39-52。
4. (2023)。臺灣北部地區國小自閉症兒童症狀表現、家庭背景變項與親職壓力關聯之初探。特殊教育發展期刊，76，1-19。
5. (2024)。學齡前兒童之主要照顧者正向親職及其影響因素。社區發展季刊，186，286-303。