影響台灣南部地區女大學生生涯不確定感因素之探討

Sociocultural Factors Influencing Career Indecision of Female College Students in Southern Taiwan

10.6308/CG.08.02

謝茉莉(Molly Hsieh)

生涯不確定感 ； 生涯決策自我效能 ； career indecision ； career decision-making self-efficacy

諮商輔導文粹：高師輔導所刊

8期（2003 / 06 / 01）

35 - 60

繁體中文

本研究的目的是在探討台灣南部地區師範院校、教育學程和一般綜合大學的女學生影響生涯決策自我效能和生涯不確定感的家庭和個人因素的模式。研究結果並與夏威夷大學所蒐集到的日裔和華裔女學生做泛文化的比較，藉以了解影響女性生涯不確定感文化因素和阻礙。 本研究共計回收有552份有效問卷，問卷內容包含四個標準化量表和一份基本資料。標準化量表包括父母依附量表、女性角色態度量表、生涯決策自我效能量表和生涯決策量表。資料經由結構模式分析，並藉著測試不同可能性的模式來找出最合適南區女大學生生涯不確定感的模式。此外，資料亦透過皮爾森相關和變異數分析來比較不同類組和不同文化族群之問的關係。 研究結果發現，資料以一般大學、教育學程和師範院校三類組來建立假設模式時最為恰當。在模式中，性別角色認同和父母依附關係對生涯決策自我效能有直接預測的作用，生涯決策自我效能進而可預測生涯不確定感，但是父母依附關係對性別角色認同則無顯著的預測效果。 當分析組間差異時，一般大學、教育學程和師範院校三組在性別角色、依附關係、生涯決策白我效能和生涯不確定感上都有顯著差異。性別角色認同方面，師院組比起其他二組更傾向於非傳統而自由化的女性角色；在依附關係上，學程組女生與父母關係較為密切；在生涯決策自我效能上，學程組的學生在面對畢業後找工作和生涯決策的技巧比其他二組更具信心；而在生涯不確定感方面，師院學生的不確定感顯著低於一般大學的女生。當比較南台灣地區和夏威夷大學女生三族群的資料時，這四組在性別角色認同、生涯決策自我效能和生涯不確定感上皆有顯著差異。性別角色認同方面，台灣女生相較於夏威夷女生明顯傾向固守傳統性別角色。在生涯決策自我效能方面，台灣女生對作生涯決策的自信心明顯低於夏威夷大學女生。在生涯不確定感方面，台灣女性的生涯不確定感比起夏威夷日裔華裔和混血女生的不確定感也較高。 本研究並依據結果提出一些建議，供教師和輔導員在作生涯輔導時的參考。文中並討論本研究的限制和未來研究方向。

The purpose of this study was to examine a model of career indecision for three educational programs of female college students in Southern Taiwan. These three categories of educational programs are students in teachers colleges, educational program in general colleges, or general colleges. Data were also compared cross-culturally with data collected from female college students in the University of Hawaii. Five hundred fifty two participants completed a survey packet consisting of four standardized instruments and a demographic sheet. Standardized instruments included the Inventory of Parent Attachment, the Attitude Toward Women Scale, the Career Decision-Making Self-Efficacy Scale, and the Career Decision Scale. Data were analyzed using structural equation modeling, with competing models to identify the most plausible model of career indecision for female college students in Southern Taiwan. Secondary analyses using Pearson product-moment correlations and one-way analysis of variances were also utilized. Models were found to be most plausible when data were analyzed by three educational program categories. Gender role traditionality, as measured by attitude toward women’s gender roles, and parental attachment were found to influence directly one’s career decision-making self-efficacy. In turn, career decision-making self-efficacy significantly predicted career indecision. However, parental attachment has no significant effect on gender role traditionality. When examined across the three educational categories, the teachers college students retained the least traditional gender roles and reported to have the least career indecision. The educational program student in general college reported the highest parental attachment and career decision-making self-efficacy. When examined between cultures, there are significant differences on gender role traditionality, career decision-making self-efficacy, and career indecision. Taiwanese female college students reported to retain more traditional gender role, lower career decision-making self-efficacy, and higher career indecision than their Hawaiian counterpart. Implications based on the findings are provided for teachers and counselors. Limitations of this study and suggestions for future study are discussed.

1. Ainsworth, M.D.S.(1989).Attachments beyond infancy.American Psychologist,44,709-716.
2. Bandura, A.(1977).Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change.Psychological Review,84,191-215.
3. Bandura, A.(1989).Human agency in social cognitive theory.American Psychologist,44,1175-1184.
4. Bandura, A.(1986).Social foundations of thought and action: A social cognitive theory.Englewood Cliffs, NJ:Prentice-Hall.
5. Bandura, A.(1982).Self-efficacy mechanism in human agency.American Psychologist,37,122-147.
6. Bandura, A.(1984).Recycling misconceptions of perceived self efficacy.Cognitive Therapy and Research,8,231-256.
7. Bentler, P. M.(1993).EQS: Structural Equations Program Manual.Los Angeles:BMDP Statistical Software.
8. Bentler, P. M.,Wu, E. I. C.(1995).EQS for Window user`s guide.Encino, CA:Multivariate Software.
9. Bowlby, J.(1998).A secure base.New York:Basic Books.
10. Bowlby, J.(1969).Attachment and loss: Volume 1. Attachment.New York:Basic Books.
11. Chartrand, J. M.,Robbins, S. B.(1990).Using multidimensional career decision instruments to assess career decidedness and implementation.The Career Development Quarterly,39,166-177.
12. Fassinger, R. E.(1987).Use of structural equation modeling in counseling psychology research.Journal of Counseling Psychology,34,425-436.
13. Fugua, D. R.,Hartman, B. W.(1983).Differential diagnosis and treatment of career indecision.Personnel and Guidance Journal,62,27-29.
14. Fuqua, D. R.,Newman, J. L.,Seaworth, T. B.(1988).Relation of state and halt anxiety to different components of career indecision.Journal of Counseling Psychology,35,154-158.
15. Haag-Matter, P.(1986).Ohio University, School of Applied Behavioral Sciences and Educational Leadership.ERIC Document Reproduction Service.
16. Hackett, G.,Betz, N.E.(1981).A self-efficacy approach to the career development of women.Journal of Vocational Behavior,18,326-339.
17. Hackett, G.,Byte, N. E.,Casas, J. M.,Indra A. R.(1992).Gender, ethnicity, and Social Cognitive factors predicting the academic achievement of students in engineering.Journal of Counseling Psychology,39,527-538.
18. Hartman, B. W.,Fuqua, D. R.,Blum, C. R.(1985).A path-analytic model of career indecision.Time Vocational Guidance Quarterly,33,231-240.
19. Hartman, B. W.,Fuqua, D. R.,Hartman, P. T.(1983).The predictive potential of the Career Decision Scale its identifying chronic career indecision.The Vocational Guidance Quarterly,32,103-108.
20. Hsieh, M.(1995).University of Utah, Salt Lake City.
21. Huang, K.,N. Mokuau (Ed.)(1991).Handbook of social services for Asian and Pacific Islanders.New York:Greenwood.
22. Huot, M.,T. Lu (Ed.)(1993).Gender and sexuality in twentieth-century Chinese literature and society.New York:State University of New York Press.
23. Kerns, K. A.,Stevens, A. C.(1996).Parent child attachment in late adolescence Links to social relations and personality.Journal of Youth and Adolescence,25,323-342.
24. Kinnier, R. T.,Bringman, S. L.,Noble, F. C.(1990).Career indecision and family enmeshment.Journal of counseling and Development,68,309-312.
25. Leong, F.(1991).Career development attributes and occupational values of Asian-American and White American college students.The Career Development Quarterly,39,221-230.
26. Leong, F.(1993).The career counseling process with racial: ethnic minorities: The case of Asian Americans.Career Development Quarterly,42,26-40.
27. Lopez, F. G.,Andrews, S.(1987).Career indecision: A family system perspective.Journal of Counseling and Development,65,304-307.
28. Lu, T.(1993).Gender and sexuality in twentieth-century Chinese literature and society.New York:Stale University of New York Press.
29. Luzco, H. A.(1993).Value of career decision-making self-efficacy in predicting career decision making attitudes and skills.Journal of Counseling Psychology,40,194-199.
30. Matsui, T.,Ikeda, H.,Ohnishi R.(1989).Relations of sex-typed socializations to career self-efficacy expectations of college students.Journal of Vocational Behavior,35,1-16.
31. Matsui, T.,Onglatco, M. L.(1992).Career Orientedness of motivation to enter the university among Japanese high school girls: A path analysis.Journal of Vocational Behavior,40,351-363.
32. Newman, J. L.,Fuqua, D. K.,Minger, C.(1990).Further evidence for the use of career subtypes in defining career status.The Career Development Quarterly,39,178-188.
33. Peterson, S. L.(1993).Career decision-making self-efficacy and institutional integration of underprepared college students.Research in Higher Education,34,659-685.
34. Ryan, N. F.,Solberg, V. S.,Brown, S. H.(1996).Family dysfunction, parental attachment, and career search self-efficacy among community college students.Journal of Counseling Psychology,43,84-89.
35. Slaney, F. M.(1986).Career indecision in reentry and undergraduate women.Journal of College Student Personnel,27,114-119.
36. Spence, J. T.,Helmreich, K. L.(1972).The attitudes toward women scale: An objective instrument to measure contemporary society.JSAS Catalog of Selected Document in Psychology,2,66-67.
37. Spence, J. T.,Helmreich, R.,Stapp, F.(1973).A short version of the Attitudes Toward Women Scale (AWS).Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society,2,219-220.
38. Taylor, K. M.,Betz, N. E.(1983).Applications of self-efficacy theory to the understanding and treatment of career indecision.Journal of Vocational Behavior,22,63-81.
39. Taylor, K. M.,Popma, J.(1990).An examination of the relationships among career decision-making self-efficacy, career salience, locus of control, and vocational indecision.Journal of Vocational Behaviors,37,17-31.
40. Vondracek, F. W.,Hostetler, M.,Schulenberg, J. F.,Shimizu, K.(1990).Dimensions of career indecision.Journal of Counseling Psychology,37,98-106.
41. Yang, J.(1991).Career counseling of Chinese American women: Are they in limbo?.The Career Development Quarterly,39,350-359.
42. 王麗雅(1990)。碩士論文(碩士論文)。國立台灣師範大學教育心理與輔導研究所碩士論文。
43. 江捷如(1997)。碩士論文(碩士論文)。國立政治大學心理學研究所碩士論文。
44. 何委娥(1992)。碩士論文(碩士論文)。東吳大學社會工作所碩士論文。
45. 李美枝(1987)。社會變遷中中國女性角色及性格的改變。社區發展季刊，37，26-34。
46. 沈彩梅(1994)。碩士論文(碩士論文)。國立台灣師範大學教育心理與輔導研究所碩士論文。
47. 林震雯(1993)。碩士論文(碩士論文)。中國文化大學兒童福利研究所碩士論文。
48. 梁雪霞(1997)。碩士論文(碩士論文)。國立政治大學教育研究所碩士論文。
49. 莊明貞(1997)。台灣國小社會科教科書兩性角色偏見之分析。台北師院學報，8，113-137。
50. 莊明貞(1991)。資優女性生涯發展的兩難－及其教育因應之策略。新竹師院學報，5，65-97。
51. 莊明貞(1997)。師院兩性教育課程實施的困境與展望。「推動大專院校兩性平等教育學術研討會」會議論文
52. 陳淑菁(1995)。碩士論文(碩士論文)。國立台灣師範大學教育心理與輔導研究所碩士論文。
53. 程瓊瑩(1989)。碩士論文(碩士論文)。國立台灣師範大學社會學研究所碩士論文。
54. 黃文三(1994)。博士論文(博士論文)。國立高雄師範大學教育研究所博士論文。
55. 楊淑萍(1996)。碩士論文(碩士論文)。國立台灣師範大學教育研究所碩士論文。
56. 劉慧俐(1995)。碩士論文(碩士論文)。國立台灣大學公共衛生研究所碩士論文。
57. 劉麗雯(1989)。碩士論文(碩士論文)。東海大學公共行政研究所碩士論文。
58. 蔡秀玲(1997)。碩士論文(碩士論文)。國立台灣師範大學教育心理與輔導研究所碩士論文。
59. 蔡素玲(1996)。碩士論文(碩士論文)。國立彰化師範大學輔導研究所碩士論文。
60. 鄭淑子(1992)。大學生的性別角色、道德雙重標準和異性交往態度之研究。實踐學報，23，55-103。
61. 賴美秀(1993)。碩士論文(碩士論文)。國立台灣師範大學教育心理與輔導研究所碩士論文。
62. 駱慧文、謝臥龍、台灣大學人口研究中心婦女研究室編印(1992)。台灣女研究文獻摘要。台北:台灣大學人口研究中心婦女研究室。
63. 駱慧文、謝臥龍、台灣大學人口研究中心婦女研究室編印(1996)。婦女研究在台十年發展過程中婦女教育相關議題之回顧與省思。婦女研究十年－婦女人的回顧與展望研討會論文集，台北:
64. 謝宏惠(1990)。國立台灣師範大學教育心理與輔導研究所碩士諭文。
65. 羅寶鳳(1993)。碩士論文(碩士論文)。國立台灣師範大學社會教育研究所碩士論文。

1. 洪瑞斌(2017)。「個我」與「大我」：以雙文化自我觀點建構台灣大學生生涯敘說。本土心理學研究，47，161-231。