“心”理論與教育常識

The Embodied Mind and Commonsense Theories of Education

10.30005/DTH.200506.0001

陳永禹(Yung-Yu Chen)

教育常識 ； 生物與文化的雙重保障 ； 腦演化 ； 腦生存策略 ； 與軀體合一的心 ； education measures ； a double assurance of biological factors and cultural influences ； brain evolution ； brain's existence strategy ； embodied mind

臺德學刊

8期（2005 / 06 / 01）

5 - 39

繁體中文

人類社會處處形成規範、教條、諺語、格言、風俗、法律來鼓勵它的成員「力爭上游」，引導他們看重「潛移默化」和「移風化俗」的教育方法。 生物的腦演化出意識和語言，因此腦演化將一隻的「看不見的手」延伸到人文資源，讓腦佔盡一切演化的優勢，讓腦的生存與演化受到生物與文化的雙重保障。 將世界融入腦活動領域，並讓個體與社會充分互動的機制，此奇妙的腦生存策略到底是如何產生的？當然不能歸功給天意、天道等。單獨一個腦演化不出「天道」的意識和思想，要一群共同生活的「與軀體合一的心」才能將個體「自私」的生存策略，無形中轉化出「大公無私」的宏觀模式。

Human society provides its members with proverbs and maxims which express values to encourage them to strive for ”Excellency” and help them realize environmental influences as effective education measures. The biological brain produces human consciousness and language. The evolution of brain has thus extended an invisible hand into human cultures to make sure that the brain itself has taken a maximal advantageous position in his evolution. In other words, a double assurance of biological factors as well as cultural influences would be, so to speak, established for brain's existence and its evolution. Who designs this wonderful brain evolutionary strategy? This strategy is like merging the world into the brain's working territory on the one hand and changing all social resources into a practical and useful scaffolding on the other hand. Of course, as cognitive scientists, we can not attribute this to Devine Mind or Tao, neither of which can exist in a single brain. It takes a whole community of ”embodied minds” in order to transform something that might appear selfish on the level of micro-world into unselfish on the level of macro-world.

1. Aitchison, Jean(2000).The Seeds of Speech: Language Origin and Its Evolution.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
2. Clark, Andy(2001).Being There: Putting Brain, Body, and World Together Again.Cambridge and London:Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
3. Danesi, Marcel(1999).Of Cigarettes, High Heels, and Other Interesting Things: An Introduction to Semiotics.New York:St. Martin`s Press.
4. Harris, Roy(2001).Saussure and his Interpreters.New York:New York University Press.
5. Harris, Roy(1991).Reading Saussure: A Critical Commentary on the cours de linguistique générale.La Salle, Illinois:Open Court.
6. Harris, Roy(1995).Language, Saussure and Wittgenstein: How to Play Games with Words.London and New York:Routledge.
7. Harris, Roy(1983).Course in general linguistics.Chicago and La Salle, Illinois:Open Court.
8. Harris, Roy,Talbot J. Taylor.(1997).Landmarks in Linguistic thought: the Western Tradition from Socrates to Saussure.London and New York:Routledge.
9. Jackendoff Ray,John Benjamins Publishing Co(1996).How Language Helps Us Think.Pragmatics & Cognition,4(1)
10. Jackendoff, Ray(1989).Consciousness and the Computational Mind.Cambridge and London:Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
11. Johnson, Mark(1987).The Body in the Mind: the Bodily Basis of Meaning, Imagination, and Reason.Chicago and London:The University of Chicago Press.
12. Lakoff, George,Mark Johnson(2003).Metaphors We Live By.Chicago and London:The University of Chicago Press.
13. Pinker, Steven(1995).The Language Instinct: How the Mind Creates Language.New York:Harper Perennial.
14. Pinker, Steven(1999).Regular Habits: Time Literary Supplement."Words and Rules" Cohn Cherry Memorial Lecture
15. Saussure, de Ferdinand(1997).Course in general linguistics.Chicago and La Salle, Illinois:Open Court.