從L2到C2跨文化的詞彙教學－透過物件命名比較中／西語言／文化的共性和個性

From L2 to C2-The Cross-Culture Vocabulary Teaching: Exploring the Universal and Cultural Features of Chinese and Spanish by Naming Objects

10.29716/TKSFLL.200612.0003

何萬儀(Wan-I Her)

物件命名 ； 分類 ； 認知語言學

淡江外語論叢

8期（2006 / 12 / 01）

67 - 104

繁體中文

諸語言、文化間存在著相當程度的共性，然而由於人們世界觀、生活經驗及語言、文化本身的原因，各自更進一步發展出獨特個性。語言中的詞彙如何將物件劃定歸屬，按類稱名，是許多可直觀、且透過對比深化認識的現象之一。本文各以六十張“上衣”及“鍋具”彩色圖片為實驗材料製成問卷，對中/西兩組受試者進行測驗，藉此觀察兩種語言系統其「物以類聚」的內在法則及命名策略，並運用統計方法檢視所得數據。

All languages and cultures share to a certain extent some universal values; however, because of different world view, different living experiences and the language and culture per se, the individuality is produced. The different naming patterns in Chinese and Spanish are one of the phenomena that can be observed from outside and worth studying. This paper, uses two objects in daily life-pots and upper clothes-as the test materials. Naming these two series of objects can allow us to explore more precisely the internal influence of language or culture factors on the formation of linguistic categories in two languages.

1. Atran, S.(1985).The nature of folk-botanical life-forms.American Anthropologist,87,298-315.
2. Atran, S.(1990).Cognitive foundations of natural history.New York:Cambridge Univ. Press.
3. Atran, S.(1987).Ordinary constraints on the semantics of living kinds: A common sense alternative to recent treatments of natural-object terms.Mind and Language,2,27-63.
4. Berlin, B.(1973).Folk systematics in relation to biological classifcation and nomenclature.Annual review of ecology and systematics,4,259-271.
5. Berlin, B.(1992).Ethnobiological classification: Principles of categorization of plants and animals in traditional societies.Princeton, NJ:Princeton Univ. Press.
6. Berlin, B.,Kay, P.(1969).Basic color terms: Their universality and evolution.Berkeley:University of California Press.
7. Bornstein, M. H.,In L. P. Lipsitt (Ed.)(1981).Advances in infancy research,.Norwood, NJ:Ablex.
8. Boster, J. S.,Johnson, J. C.(1989).Form or function: A comparison of expert novice judgments of similarity among fish.American Anthropologist,91,866-889.
9. Brown, C. H.(1984).Language and living things: Uniformities in folk classification and naming.New Brunswick, NJ:Rutgers University Press.
10. Brown, C. H.(1977).Folk botanical life-forms: Their universality and growth.American Anthropologist,79,317-342.
11. Brown, C. H.(1979).Folk zoological life-forms: Their universality and growth.American Anthropologist,81,791-817.
12. Bulmer, R. N. H.(1967).Why is the cassowary not a bird? A problem of zoological taxonomy among the Karam of the New Guinea highlands.Man,2,1-25.
13. Bulmer, R. N. H.,L. R. Hiatt (Ed.)(1978).Australian aboriginal concepts.New Jersey:Humanities Press, Inc..
14. Bulmer, R. N. H.,Menzies, J. I.,Parker, F.(1975).Kalam classifcation of reptiles and fishes.Journal of the Polynesian Society,84,267-307.
15. Bulmer, R. N. H.,R. F. Ellen,D. Reason (Eds.)(1979).Classifications in their social context.New York:Academic Press.
16. Bulmer, R. N. H.,Tyler, M. J.(1968).Kalam classification of frogs.Journal of the Polynesian Society,48,14-30.
17. Byram, M.(1989).Cultural studies in foreign language education.Clevedon:Multilingual Matters.
18. Byram, Michael(1994).Teaching-and-learning language-and-culture.UK:Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data.
19. Diesendruck, G.,Gelman, S. A.(1999).Domain differences in absolute judgments of category membership: Evidence for an essential account of categorization.Psychonomic Bulletin and Review,6,338-346.
20. Hampton, J. A.,U. Hahn,M. Ramscar (eds.)(2001).Similarity and categorization.Oxford:Oxford University Press.
21. Hays, T. E.(1982).Utilitarian/adaptionist explanations of folk biological classification: Some cautionary notes.Journal of Ethnobiology,2,89-94.
22. Heider, E. R.(1972).Universals in color naming and memory.Journal of Experimantal Psychology,93,10-20.
23. Hinkel, Eli. (Ed.)(1999).Culture in second language teaching and learning.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
24. Hunn, E.(1987).Science and common sense; A reply to Atran.American Anthropologist,84,830-847.
25. Hunn, E.(1977).Tzeltal folk zoology: The classification of discontinuities in nature.New York:Academic Press.
26. Hunn, E.(1975).The Tenejapa Tzeltal version of the animal kingdom.Anthropological Quarterly,48,14-30.
27. Hunn, E.(1982).The utilitarian factor in folk biological classifcation.American Anthropologist,84,830-847.
28. Kay, P.,McDaniel, C. K.(1978).The linguistic significance of the meanings of basic color terms.Language,54,610-646.
29. Kempton, W.(1981).The folk classification of ceramics: A study of cognitive prototypes.New York:Academic Press.
30. Kesby, J. D.,R. F. Ellen,D. Reason (Eds.)(1979).Classifications in their social context.New York:Academic Press.
31. Kronenfeld, D. B.,J. W. D. Dougherty (Ed.)(1985).Directions in cognitive anthropology.Rubane:University of Illinois Press.
32. Leach, E. R.(1976).Culture and communication: The logic by which symbols are connected.Cambridge:Cambridge Univ. Press.
33. Lévi-Strauss, C.(1966).The savage mind.Chicago:Univ. of Chicago Press.
34. Littlewood, w.(1981).Communicative language teaching.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
35. Malinowski, B.(1954).Magic, science and religion.Garden City, NY:Doubleday Anchor.
36. Malt, B. C.(2003).Universality and Language specificity in object naming.Journal of Memory and Language,49,20-42.
37. Malt, B. C.(1999).Knowing versus naming: Similarity and the linguistic categorization of artifacts.Journal of Memory and Language,40,230-262.
38. Malt, B. C.(1995).Category coherence in cross-cultural perspective.Cognitive Psychology,29,85-148.
39. Malt, B. C.,Sloman, S. A.,Gennari, S. P.(2003).Language in mind: Advances in the study of language cognition.MA:MIT Press.
40. Malt, B. C.,Smith, E. E.(1984).Correlated properties in natural categories.Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior,23,250-269.
41. Markman, A. B.,Wisniewski, E. J.(1997).Similar and different: The differentiation of basic level categories.Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition,23,54-70.
42. Morris, B.(1983).The pragmatics of folk classification.Journal of Ethnobiology,4,45-60.
43. Morris, B.,R. F. Ellen,D. Reason (Eds.)(1979).Classifications in their social context.New York:Academic Press.
44. Randall, R. A.(1987).The nature of highly inclusive folk-botanical categories.American Anthropologist,89,143-146.
45. Rosch, e.,Mervis, C. B.(1975).Family resemblances: Studies in the internal structure of categories.Cognitive Psychology,7,573-605.
46. Salzman, e.(1993).Understanding Sibley`s classification of birds.Birding,25,446-456.
47. Seelye, H. N.(1974).Teaching culture: Strategies for foreign language educations.Skokie, IL:National Textbook Company.
48. Sloman, S. A.,Malt, B. C,Fridman, A.,U. Hahn,M. Rascar (eds.)(2001).Similarity and categorization.Oxford:Oxford University Press.
49. Smith, E. E.,Medin, D. L.(1981).Categories and concepts.Cambridge, MA:Harvard Univ. Press.
50. Tambiah, S. J.(1969).Animals are good to think and good to prohibit.Ethnology,8,424-459.
51. Turner, N. J.(1987).General plant categories in Thompson and Lillooet, two interior Salish languages of British Columbia.Journal of ethnobiology,7,55-82.
52. Turner, N. J.(1974).Plant taxonomic systems and ethnobotany of three contemporary Indian groups of the Pacific Northwest (Haida, Bella Coola, and Lillooet).Syesis,7
53. Wierzbicka, A.(1992).Semantics, culture and cognition: Universal human concepts in culture-specific configurations.New York:Oxford-University Press.
54. 喬納森、卡勒著、張景智譯(1992)。索緒爾。台北:桂冠。
55. 葉爾姆斯萊夫(1963)。語言理論導論。威斯康大學出版社。