美國體育運動性別平等規範研究

An Analysis of Gender Equality Cases in American Sports

10.6509/TLM.201809_69(9).0009

蔡達智(Dennis Tsai)

體育法 ； 運動 ； 平等權 ； 性別認同 ； 隔離但平等 ； Sports Law ； Sport ； Equal Protection ； Gender Identity ； Separate but Equal

法令月刊

69卷9期（2018 / 09 / 01）

187 - 219

繁體中文

性別隔離但平等的原則繼續適用在體育運動事物似乎沒有減緩的跡象，主要原因在於雄性激素與女性懷孕等自然事實影響競賽公平及選手參與體育運動機會權益使然。以性別隔離競賽公平為基礎，不是一個最好卻是目前程序判斷方便的類型化標準，只是隔離競賽不能單純從生理性器官、染色體與基因鑑定判斷，個人性別認同與社會價值認同較之於個人生理而言更為重要，否則將難以解釋、適用、尊重變性、雙性等各式各樣的性別認同權益。其次，無可否認只有大部分的女性可以懷孕，給予懷孕選手延長一年就學年限保障選手身分及其獎學金等特殊權益保障，不應適用於非懷孕的照養子女權責，否則可能將學生選手期限無限制擴張，無助於實現學生體育運動的教育目的。最後，無關競賽公平的體育場館設施設備器材，原本即不應區分性別並限制、禁止弱勢性別使用，至於涉及個人隱私的更衣室、浴廁，皆應以尊重個人而非其他人性別認同來使用，是為人格與尊嚴保障的基礎。

The principle of gender segregation but equality continues to apply to sporting events as if there is no sign of slowing down. The main reason is that natural factors such as androgens and women's pregnancy influence the fairness of the competition and the athletes' participation in the interests of sports. Based on gender-segregated competition fairness, it is not the best type of standard that is currently best judged by procedural judgement. It is only that isolated competitions are not simply judged from physiological organs, chromosomes, and genes. Individual gender identity and social value identification are more important than individual It is more important in terms of physiology, otherwise it will be difficult to explain, apply, and respect the various types of gender identity rights such as transsexuality and bisexuality. Secondly, it is undeniable that only a large proportion of women can become pregnant. The extension of one-year protection for pregnant athletes and the protection of their special benefits such as scholarships and other scholarships should not be applied to non-pregnant dependent children. There is no limit to the expansion of the term, which does not help to achieve the educational purpose of student sports. In the end, irrespective of the fairness of stadium facilities and equipment, the original should not distinguish between gender restrictions and the use of disadvantaged sex, regardless of the origin of the fundraising. As far as personal locker rooms and bathrooms are concerned, individuals should be respected. Other people's gender identity is the basis for the protection of personality and dignity.

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