中文版表現失敗評估量表之修訂研究：探索性和驗證性因素分析

The Performance Failure Appraisal of Chinese Version Inventory: An Exploratory and Confirmatory Facotor Analysis

10.5297/ser.200506_7(2).0009

卓國雄(Kuo-Hsiung Cho)；盧俊宏(Frank Jing-Horng Lu)

害怕失敗 ； 表現失敗評估 ； 探索性因素分析 ； 驗證性因素分析 ； fear of failure ； performance appraisal ； exploratory factor analysis ； confirmatory factor analysis

大專體育學刊

7卷2期（2005 / 06 / 30）

111 - 123

繁體中文;英文

依據(Conroy, Poczwardowski, & Henschen, 2001; Conroy, Willow, ＆ Metzler, 2002)害怕失敗理論基礎，本研究目的在修訂Conroy、Willow和Metzler(2002)測量害怕失敗的工具－表現失敗評估量表（Performance Failure Appraisal Inventory，簡稱PFAI）為中文版，並且檢驗其信度和效度。本研究分為二階段，研究一以探索性因素分析(exploratory factor analysis, EFA)檢驗修訂後之表現失敗評估量表是否具有良好的信度和效度；受試者為四所高中的學生，共320名，其中男生187名，女生133名，平均年齡15.86(SD=0.78)歲。研究二以驗證性因素分析(confirmatory factor analysis, CFA)考驗修訂後之中文版表現失敗評估量表之測量模式是否適配受試樣本，具建構效度；研究對象為國內舞蹈、美術、音樂和體育等專業資優班之高中生，共377名，其中男生83名，女生294名，平均年齡16.53(SD=0.85)歲。研究結果發現，修訂後之中文版表現失敗評估量表(PFAI)共有「面對羞辱和困窘的害怕」、「對自我評價降低的害怕」、「失去重要他人興趣的害怕」和「受重要他人批評的害怕」等四個分量表，各分量表之內部一致性信度介於68~86之間，整體信度為Cronbach's α為89，總解釋變異量為58.52%，具有可接受的信、效度。驗證性因素分析則發現修訂後之中文版表現失敗評估量表適合應用在舞蹈、美術、音樂和體育等成就情境中，測量個人有關害怕失敗動機之心理反應。

The purpose of this study was to translate Conroy Conroy, Willow and Metzler's (2002) Performance Failure Appraisal Inventory (PFAI) into Chinese and examined its validity and reliability. This study included two stages. The first stage sampled 320 high school students (males=187; females=133) with the mean age of 15.86 (SD=0.78) and then revised the Chinese version of PFAI. The exploratory factor analysis (EFA) revealed appropriate validity and reliability of the Chinese version of PFAI. The second stage sampled 377 high school students of four types of talents (dance, art, music and sports) and administered with Chinese version of PFAI. Meanwhile, the confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was employed to evaluate the appropriateness and construct validity of the Chinese version of PFAI. Results indicated that the Chinese version of PFAI had four constructs named ”fear of experiencing shame and embarrassment,” ”fear of devaluating one's self-estimate,” ”fear of important others losing interest,”” fear of upsetting important others.” The internal consistency of the four subscales ranging from. 68~86 and the total Cronbach's α of the Chinese version of PFAI was 89 with total accounted variance of 58.52%. This study concluded that the Chinese version of PFAI has appropriate reliability and validity. Besides, the confirmatory factor analysis indicated that the Chinese version of PFAI was applicable in the achievement settings such as dance, art, music as well as sports in the individual's performance failure appraisal.

1. Atkinson, J. W.(1958).Motives in fantasy, action, and society.Princeton, NJ:Van Nostrand.
2. Bimey, R. C.,Burdick, H.,Teevan, R. C.(1969).Fear of failure.New York:Van Nostrand.
3. Bruce, T. J.,Barlow, D. H.(1990).Handbook of social and evaluation anxiety.New York:Plenum Press.
4. Conroy, D.(2001).Fear of failure: An exemplar for social development research in sport.QUEST,53,165-183.
5. Conroy, D.,Poczwardowski, A.,Henschen, K. P.(2001).Evaluative criteria and consequences associated with failure and success for elite athletes and performing artists.Journal of Applied Sport Psychology,13,300-322.
6. Conroy, D.,Willow, J. P.,Metzler, J. .N.(2002).Multidimensional fear of failure measurement : The performance failure appraisal inventory.Journal of Applied Sport Psychology,14,76-90.
7. Gould, D.,Horn, T.,Spreeman, J.(1983).Sources of stress in junior elite wrestlers.Journal of Sport Psychology,5,159-171.
8. Hu, L. T.,Bentler, P. M.(1999).Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance.Structural Equation Modeling,6(1),1-55.
9. Kaiser, H. F.(1974).An index of factorial simplicity.Psychometrika,39,31-36.
10. Lazarus, R. S.(1991).Emotion and adaption.New York:Oxford University Press.
11. Lazarus, R. S.(1999).Stress and emotion: A new synthesis.New York:Springer.
12. McDonald, R. P.,Ho, M. R.(2002).Psychological Methods.
13. Murray, H. A.(1938).Exploration in personality: A clinical and experimental study of fifty men of college age.New York:Oxford University Press.
14. Orlick, T. D.(1972)..
15. Passchier, J.,Van der Helm, H. H.,Orlebeke, J. F.(1984).Personality and headache type: A controlled study.Headache,24,140-146.
16. Rainey, D.(1995).Sources of stress among baseball and softball umpires.Journal of Applied Sport Psychology,7,1-10.
17. Rainey, D.(1995).Stress, burnout, and intention to terminate among umpires.Journal of Sport Behavior,18,312-323.
18. Taylor, A. H.,Daniel, J. V,Leith, L.,Burke, R. J.(1990).Perceived stress, psychological burnout and paths to turnover intentions among sport officials.Journal of Applied Sport Psychology,2,84-97.
19. Weeda, M.,Winny, L.,Drop, M. J.(1985).The discriminative value of psychological characteristics in anorexia nervosa: Clinical and psychometric comparison between anorexia nervosa patients, ballet dancers and controls.Journal of Psychiatric Research,19,285-290.
20. Wolman, B. B.(1973).Dictionary of behavior sciences.New York:Ven Nostrand Reinhold CO.
21. 王俊明(2000)。問卷與量表的編製與分析方法。體育測驗與評價，139-155。
22. 邱皓政(2004)。結構方程模式-LISREL的理論、技術與應用。台北:雙葉書廊有限公司。
23. 黃芳銘(2002)。結構方程模式:理論與應用。台北:五南圖書公司。

1. 蔡俊傑、陳耀棋(2008)。Conroy失敗恐懼量表的編製與相關研究。大專體育，96，106-113。
2. 鄧鈞文,陳俊瑋(2022)。中等學校體育師資生「師資培育學程選擇動機量表」之修訂與信效度檢驗。國立臺灣體育運動大學學報，11(1)，1-26。
3. 盧俊宏(2018)。國際期刊對心理測驗與量表編製的新挑戰：更多心理計量學證據要求的趨勢。大專體育學刊，20(4)，i-vi。
4. 盧俊宏、卓國雄(2005)。害怕失敗、知覺比賽重要性和年齡對運動攻擊意圖之區別分析。國立體育學院論叢，16(3)，43-59。
5. 謝如梅、黃曉琳(2013)。女性創業意圖與行動之關聯性研究：害怕失敗及創業知識為調節變數。商略學報，5(3)，187-202。
6. 熊乃儀、陳建瑋、季力康(2017)。大專甲組選手運動希望與害怕失敗對自我設限之預測。運動研究，26(1)，57-72。
7. 鄭桂玫、潘豐泉、徐茂洲(2011)。2004-2009 結構方程模式在體育領域論文運用之探討。運動休閒管理學報，8(2)，19-37。
8. 鄭桂玫、徐茂洲(2012)。結構方程模型的統計檢定力計算及樣本數決定在《大專體育學刊》之運用。大專體育，123，25-34。
9. 卓國雄(2018)。青少年選手知覺教練塑造的賦權及削權動機氣候與害怕失敗、團隊凝聚力之關係。臺灣運動心理學報，18(2)，1-20。
10. 卓國雄(2023)。正念訓練對高中籃球聯賽選手害怕失敗與運動表現之影響。大專體育學刊，25(3)，267-282。