優秀足球運動員動作控制能力的特性－有氧運動能力的重要性

Characteristics of Inhibitory Motor Control in Elite Soccer Players: The Importance of Aerobic Exercise Ability

10.5297/ser.1501.005

張武業(Wu-Yeh Chang)；施俊名(Chun-Ming Shih)；王駿濠(Chun-Hao Wang)；阮啟弘(Chi-Hung Juan)

競技運動 ； 身體適能 ； 認知功能 ； competitive sport ； physical fitness ； cognitive function

大專體育學刊

15卷1期（2013 / 03 / 31）

40 - 53

繁體中文;英文

本研究的主要目的為瞭解優秀足球運動員動作反應能力的特性，以及有氧適能所扮演的重要性。本研究選擇15位國家級足球運動員，採用不具運動特殊性的停止信號作業，在實驗室測量其抑制性的動作控制能力，另外選擇15位年齡及性別相仿的非運動員作為一般對照組。此外，再以PACER（progressive aerobic cardiovascular endurance run）評估所有研究參與者的有氧適能。研究結果發現：除了足球運動員比非運動員有較短的停止信號反應時間之外，在動作反應時間、失敗抑制反應及失敗抑制反應時間皆無發現組間的差異。另一方面，中介模式的檢定結果顯示，雖然組別與停止信號反應時間的表現有統計關聯性，然而當加入有氧適能因素之後，組別對停止信號反應時間的預測力明顯下降，顯示有氧適能為完全中介因子（full mediator）。本研究結論顯示即使抽離運動相關情境，足球運動員仍具有較佳的抑制控制功能。然而，組間的效果可能主要是受到有氧適能的調節。鑒於這些發現，本文建議未來可以嘗試招募不同層級的運動選手，並測量他們的有氧適能，以進一步瞭解技能的高低是否會與有氧適能產生交互作用。

The purpose of this study was to investigate the difference between elite athletes and non-athletes in non-sport-specific fundamental cognitive function, as well as the role of aerobic fitness in modulating this difference. Fifteen male elite soccer players and fifteen age-matched male non-athletes were recruited. Both groups performed a stop-signal task with no sport-specific design, while their inhibitory control performance was measured. In addition, the aerobic fitness level among participants was evaluated using the PACER test (progressive aerobic cardiovascular endurance run). The results showed that soccer players had faster stop-signal reaction times (SSRT) relative to non-athletes, whereas no differences were found in go RTs, non-cancelled go RT and error rates. Subsequent analysis indicated that although an association was observed between groups (soccer players/non-athletes) and SSRT, this association was significantly reduced when aerobic fitness was taken into account. These results suggested that aerobic fitness might play a role in this association. Our findings concluded that superiority in inhibitory control in soccer players can be seen outside of a sport-specific context. However, this effect may be due to the consequence of aerobic fitness levels. Future research studies may necessary to address the interaction between athletic skill and aerobic fitness levels on fundamental cognitive functions.

1. Hung, T. M.,Hung, C. L.,Fong, D. Y.,Chang, Y. K.,Kao, J. F.,Lo, L. C.(2003).The effects of uncertainty on attention in table-tennis players and nonathletes.Bulletin of Sport and Exercise Psychology of Taiwan,3,97-110.
   連結：
2. 王駿濠、蔡佳良、涂國誠、曾鈺婷、蔡馨栴(2010)。從事件相關電位探討羽球訓練對女大學生視覺空間工作記憶的影響。大專體育學刊，12(4)，29-43。
   連結：
3. 洪聰敏、豐東洋(2003)。運動員與非運動員訊息處理之研究。體育學報，35，117-126。
   連結：
4. 張武業、梁衍明、王駿濠(2012)。運動員的腦大不同─以學習及大腦塑性功能的角度探討。中華體育季刊，26(3)，337-344。
   連結：
5. Abernethy, B.,Russell, D. G.(1987).The relationship between expertise and visual search strategy in a racquet sport.Human Movement Science,6(4),283-319.
6. Band, G. P. H.,van der Molen, M. W.,Logan, G. D.(2003).Horse-race model simulations of the stopsignal procedure.Acta Psychologica,112(2),105-142.
7. Baron, R. M.,Kenny, D. A.(1986).The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,51(6),1173-1182.
8. Chan, J. S. Y.,Wong, A. N. C.,Liu, Y.,Yu, J.,Yan, J. H.(2011).Fencing expertise and physical fitness enhance action inhibition.Psychology of Sport and Exercise,12(5),509-514.
9. Chen, C. Y.,Muggleton, N. G.,Juan, C. H.,Tzeng, O. J. L.,Hung, D. L.(2008).Time pressure leads to inhibitory control deficits in impulsive violent offenders.Behavioural Brain Research,187(2),483-488.
10. Cohen, J.(1988).Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences.Hillsdale, NJ:Lawrence Earlbaum Associates.
11. Di Russo, F.,Taddei, F.,Apnile, T.,Spinelli, D.(2006).Neural correlates of fast stimulus discrimination and response selection in top-level fencers.Neuroscience Letters,408(2),113-118.
12. Etnier, J. L.,Nowell, P. M.,Landers, D. M.,Sibley, B. A.(2006).A meta-regression to examine the relationship between aerobic fitness and cognitive performance.Brain Research Reviews,52(1),119-130.
13. Helgerud, J.,Engen, L. C.,Wisloff, U.,Hoff, J.(2001).Aerobic endurance training improves soccer performance.Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise,33(11),1925-1931.
14. Hillman, C. H.,Erickson, K. I.,Kramer, A. F.(2008).Be smart, exercise your heart: Exercise effects on brain and cognition.Nature Reviews Neuroscience,9(1),58-65.
15. Hsu, T. Y.,Tseng, L. Y.,Yu, J. X.,Kuo, W. J.,Hung, D. L.,Tzeng, O. J.(2011).Modulating inhibitory control with direct current stimulation of the superior medial frontal cortex.Neuroimage,56(4),2249-2257.
16. Judd, C. M.,Kenny, D. A.(1981).Process analysis: Estimating mediation in treatment evaluations.Evaluation Review,5(5),602-619.
17. Kamijo, K.,Takeda, Y.(2010).Regular physical activity improves executive function during task switching in young adults.International Journal of Psychophysiology,75(3),304-311.
18. Kida, N.,Oda, S.,Matsumura, M.(2005).Intensive baseball practice improves the Go/Nogo reaction time, but not the simple reaction time.Cognitive Brain Research,22(2),257-264.
19. Kramer, A. F.,Hahn, S.,Cohen, N. J.,Banich, M. T.,McAuley, E.,Harrison, C. R.(1999).Ageing, fitness and neurocognitive function.Nature,400(6743),418-419.
20. Léger, L. A.,Lambert, J.(1982).A maximal multistage 20-m shuttle run test to predict VO2max.European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology,49(1),1-12.
21. Logan, G. D.,Cowan, W. B.(1984).On the ability to inhibit thought and action: A theory of an act of control.Psychological Review,91(3),295-327.
22. Mann, D. T. Y.,Williams, A. M.,Ward, P.,Janelle, C. M.(2007).Perceptual-cognitive expertise in sport: A meta-analysis.Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology,29(4),457-478.
23. Matsuzaka, A.,Takahashi, Y.,Yamazoe, M.,Kumakura, N.,Ikeda, A.,Wilk, B.(2004).Validity of the multistage 20-m shuttle-run test for Japanese children, adolescents, and adults.Pediatric Exercise Science,16(2),113-125.
24. Muggleton, N. G.,Chen, C. Y.,Tzeng, O. J.,Hung, D. L.,Juan, C. H.(2010).Inhibitory control and the frontal eye fields.Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience,22(12),2804-2812.
25. Nakamoto, H.,Mori, S.(2008).Effects of stimulusresponse compatibility in mediating expert performance in baseball players.Brain Research,1189,179-188.
26. Pesce, C.,Tessitore, A.,Casella, R.,Pirritano, M.,Capranica, L.(2007).Focusing of visual attention at rest and during physical exercise in soccer players.Journal of Sports Sciences,25(11),1259-1270.
27. Pontifex, M. B.,Raine, L. B.,Johnson, C. R.,Chaddock, L.,Voss, M. W.,Cohen, N. J.(2011).Cardiorespiratory fitness and the flexible modulation of cognitive control in preadolescent children.Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience,23(6),1332-1345.
28. Sallis, J. F.,Haskell, W. L.,Wood, P. D.,Fortmann, S. P.,Rogers, T.,Blair, S. N.(1985).Physical activity assessment methodology in the Five-City Project.American Journal of Epidemiology,121(1),91-106.
29. Shim, J.,Carlton, L. G.,Chow, J. W.,Chae, W. S.(2005).The use of anticipatory visual cues by highly skilled tennis players.Journal of Motor Behavior,37(2),164-175.
30. Sobel, M. E.(1982).Asymptotic confidence intervals for indirect effects in structural equation models.Sociological Methodology,13(1982),290-312.
31. Tsai, C. L.,Wang, C. H.,Tseng, Y. T.(2012).Effects of exercise intervention on event-related potential and task performance indices of attention networks in children with developmental coordination disorder.Brain and Cognition,79(1),12-22.
32. Vestberg, T.,Gustafson, R.,Maurex, L.,Ingvar, M.,Petrovic, P.(2012).Executive functions predict the success of top-soccer players.PLoS ONE,7(4),e34731.
33. Voss, M. W.,Kramer, A. F.,Basak, C.,Prakash, R. S.,Roberts, B.(2010).Are expert athletes 'expert' in the cognitive laboratory? A meta‐analytic review of cognition and sport expertise.Applied Cognitive Psychology,24(6),812-826.
34. Welk, G. J.,Morrow, J. R.,Falls, H. B.(2002).Fitnessgram reference guide.Dallas, TX:The Cooper Institute.
35. Yarrow, K.,Brown, P.,Krakauer, J. W.(2009).Inside the brain of an elite athlete: The neural processes that support high achievement in sports.Nature Reviews Neuroscience,10(8),585-596.
36. 洪聰敏、羅麗娟、豐東洋、張育愷、高竟峰、洪巧菱(2001)。桌球運動員與非運動員在前動作時間、動作時間及反應時間之比較。臺灣運動心理學報，1，81-97。

1. 張庭慈(2016)。運動專項對選擇反應與認知控制的影響。中山醫學大學心理學系暨臨床心理學碩士班學位論文。2016。1-102。