內感受性焦點指導促進曲棍球精熟者之擊球表現

Enhancing the Hitting Performance among Expert Hockey Players through an Interoceptive Focus Instruction

10.5297/ser.1804.002

李幸陵(Hsing-Ling Lee)；林靜兒(Ching-Er Lin)

高中運動員 ； 體感覺察 ； 內感受性回饋 ； high school athlete ； somaesthetic awareness ； interoceptive feedback

大專體育學刊

18卷4期（2016 / 12 / 31）

262 - 272

繁體中文;英文

過去研究發現專注於動作結果的外在焦點相較於專注在身體動作的內在焦點能帶來較好的動作表現，但對精熟者卻有不一致的發現，尤其是內感受性焦點指導對精熟者執行動作的作用尚未釐清，因此，本研究目的在檢驗內感受性焦點指導與外在焦點指導對精熟者擊球表現的效應。實驗參加者為13名高中男子曲棍球校隊運動員（平均年齡16.7 ± 1.0歲，平均球齡3.3 ± 1.3年），使用受試者內實驗設計，依據內感受性焦點與外在焦點2種類型的口語指導進行射門擊球工作，實驗參加者共完成4次試作。研究結果經相依樣本t考驗指出：內感受性焦點指導的擊球成績（平均得分54.62 ± 23.32分）顯著高於外在焦點指導的擊球成績（平均得分32.67 ± 19.86分）。本研究結論：對於精熟者來說，內感受性焦點指導比外在焦點指導較能促進曲棍球擊球表現。

Previous studies demonstrated that external focus on movement could enhance the motor performance than internal focus on body movement. However, recent studies provided inconsistent results for expert players, especially the role of interoceptive focus remains unclear while experts performing the movement. This study aimed to examine how the instruction of interoceptive focus and external focus influenced the hitting performance among expert hockey players. Using the within-subjects design, thirteen senior high school hockey players (age = 16.7 ± 1.0 years, training experience = 3.3 ± 1.3 years) performed 2 hits following different sets of verbal instructions (interoceptive focus and external focus). Participants completed 4 trials for a testing session. The results showed that the hitting scores of the expert hokey players were significantly higher with interoceptive focus instruction than that of the external focus instruction. It was concluded that compared to external focus, the interoceptive focus instruction enhance the hitting performance of expert hokey players.

1. An, J.,Wulf, G.,Kim, S.(2013).Increased carry distance and X-factor stretch in golf through an external focus of attention.Journal of Motor Learning and Development,1(1),2-11.
2. Bernier, M.,Codron, R.,Thienot, E.,Fournier, J. F.(2011).The attentional focus of expert golfers in training and competition: A naturalistic investigation.Journal of Applied Sport Psychology,23(3),326-341.
3. Carson, H. J.,Collins, D.(2011).Refining and regaining skills in fixation/diversification stage performers: The Five-A model.International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology,4(2),146-167.
4. Chiviacowsky, S.,Wulf, G.,Ávila, L.T. G.(2013).An external focus of attention enhances motor learning in children with intellectual disabilities.Journal of Intellectual Disability Research,57(7),627-634.
5. Cohen, J.(1988).Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences.Hillsdale, NJ:Erlbaum.
6. Fitts, P. M.,Posner, M. I.(1967).Human performance.Belmont, CA:Brooks/Cole.
7. Keogh, J. W. L.,Weber, C. L.,Dalton, C. T.(2011).Evaluation of anthropometric, physiological, and skill-related tests for talent identification in female field hockey.Canadian Journal of Applied Physiology,28(3),397-409.
8. Kirk, R. E.(2013).Experimental design: Procedures for the behavioral sciences.Thousand Oaks, CA:Sage.
9. Malhotra, N.,Poolton, J. M.,Wilson, M. R.,Ngo, K.,Masters, R. S. W.(2012).Conscious monitoring and control (reinvestment) in surgical performance under pressure.Surgical Endoscopy,26(9),2423-2429.
10. Montero, B.(2010).Does bodily awareness interfere with highly skilled movement?.Inquiry: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Philosophy,53(2),105-122.
11. Moors, A.(2016).Automaticity: Componential, causal, and mechanistic explanations.Annual Review of Psychology,67,263-287.
12. Nideffer, R. M.(1976).Test of attentional and interpersonal style.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,34(3),394-404.
13. Perkins-Ceccato, N.,Passmore, S. R.,Lee, T. D.(2003).Effects of focus of attention depend on golfers' skill.Journal of Sports Sciences,21(8),593-600.
14. Rienhoff, R.,Fischer, L.,Strauss, B.,Baker, J.,Schorer, J.(2015).Focus of attention influences quiet-eye behavior: An exploratory investigation of different skill levels in female basketball players.Sport, Exercise, and Performance Psychology,4(1),62-74.
15. Schorer, J.,Jaitner, T.,Wollny, R.,Fath, F.,Baker, J.(2012).Influence of varying focus of attention conditions on dart throwing performance in experts and novices.Experimental Brain Research,217(2),287-297.
16. Shusterman, R.(2011).Soma, self, and society: Somaesthetics as pragmatist meliorism.Metaphilosophy,42(3),314-327.
17. Shusterman, R.(2008).Body consciousness: A philosophy of mindfulness and somaesthetics.Cambridge, UK:Cambridge University Press.
18. Shusterman, R.(2009).Body consciousness and performance: Somaesthetics east and west.The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism,67(2),133-145.
19. Tenenbaum, G.(Ed.),Eklund, B.(Ed.)(2007).Handbook of sport psychology.Hoboken, NJ:Wiley.
20. Thomas, J. R.,Salazar, W.,Landers, D. M.(1991).What is missing in p < .05? Effect size.Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport,62(3),344-348.
21. Toner, J.,Moran, A.(2015).Enhancing performance proficiency at the expert level: Considering the role of "somaethetic awareness".Psychology of Sport and Exercise,16,110-117.
22. Toner, J.,Moran, A.(2016).On the importance of critical thinking: A response to Wulf's (2015) commentary.Psychology of Sport and Exercise,22,339-340.
23. Weiss, S. M.,Reber, A. S.(2012).Curing the dreaded "Steve Blass" disease.Journal of Sports Psychology in Action,3(3),171-181.
24. Wulf, G.(2013).Attentional focus and motor learning: A review of 15 years.International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology,6(1),77-104.
25. Wulf, G.(2008).Attentional focus effect in balance acrobats.Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport,79(3),319-325.
26. Wulf, G.(2007).Attention and motor skill learning.Champaign, IL:Human Kinetics.
27. Wulf, G.(2016).Why did Tiger Woods shoot 82? A commentary on Toner and Moran (2015).Psychology of Sport and Exercise,22,337-338.
28. Wulf, G.,Höß, M.,Prinz, W.(1998).Instructions for motor learning: Differential effects of internal versus external focus of attention.Journal of Motor Behavior,30(2),169-179.
29. Wulf, G.,McNevin, N.,Shea, C. H.(2001).The automaticity of complex motor skill learning as a function of attentional focus.The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A,54(4),1143-1154.
30. 張春興(2006)。張氏心理學辭典。臺北市=Taipei, Taiwan:東華=Tung Hua。

1. 蔡彥佑、陳泰廷、王國鑌(2018)。注意力焦點與高爾夫運動表現的研究典範：回顧與未來展望。臺灣運動心理學報，18(1)，77-93。
2. 陳泰廷,張文宣,洪聰敏,王國鑌(2019)。注意力焦點選擇與高爾夫推桿表現之關係。臺灣運動心理學報，19(2)，59-74。
3. 蔣承恩、陳泰廷、王國鑌(2018)。身體意識理論視角：注意力與動作效能的關係。臺灣運動心理學報，18(2)，77-87。
4. 林靜兒、李幸陵(2018)。外在注意焦點提高曲棍球精熟者推球的準確性與穩定性。Physical Education Journal，51(3)，345-355。