Effects of Whole Body Vibration and Electromuscular Stimulation Recovery Methods Used Between-Inning on Baseball Pitching Performance During a Simulated Game

全身性振動與肌肉電刺激之局間恢復模式對模擬賽中投球表現之影響

10.5297/ser.202009_22(3).0005

吳柏翰(Bo-Han Wu)；徐錦興(Chin-Hsing Hsu)；劉于詮(Yu-Chuan Liu)

passive muscle contraction ； blood lactate ； fatigue ； 被動肌肉收縮 ； 血乳酸 ； 疲勞

大專體育學刊

22卷3期（2020 / 09 / 30）

247 - 259

英文

This study evaluated the effects of passive muscle contraction recovery treatments, namely whole body vibration (WBV) and electromuscular stimulation (EMS) on average pitch speed, rating of perceived exertion (RPE), heart rate (HR), and blood lactate concentration of baseball pitchers during a simulated game. Nine Taiwan Division I intercollegiate baseball pitchers (starting pitchers) volunteered for this study. All pitchers received 3 recovery treatments: WBV, EMS, and control (CON) in a counter balance order. A within-subject crossover design was employed, and each experiment was separated by a 7-day interval. Pitch speed during a simulated game (pitcher performed 5 innings; 20-pitch counts per inning) was recorded. During each experiment, the pitcher received 1 of the 3 recovery treatments after each inning: WBV for 6 min (frequency: 50, 40, and 30 Hz applied for 2 min in sequences separately; amplitude: 1.5 mm), EMS for 6 min (frequency: 9, 8, and 7 Hz applied for 2 min in separate sequences), and CON (resting for 6 min). Changes in HR, RPE, and blood lactic acid (BLa) were recorded before and after recovery treatments. The results of the present study indicated that average pitch speed of WBV was significantly higher than EMS and CON. In addition, the concentrations of BLa in WBV and EMS were significantly lower than CON at post-measurement, but no significant difference between WBV and EMS. Furthermore, RPE in WBV was significantly lower than CON. The results suggest that WBV and EMS as passive muscle contraction recovery methods can decrease fatigue index (BLa levels) between innings during a simulated pitching game, but the WBV can improves pitching performance more effectively.

本研究目的在探討模擬賽中進行全身性振動（whole body vibration, WBV）與電刺激（electromuscular stimulation, EMS）等被動肌肉收縮的恢復處理方式對於投手模擬賽中平均球速、自覺量表（rating of perceived exertion, RPE）、心跳率（heart rate, HR）與血乳酸（blood lactate, BLa）濃度之影響。本研究以9名大專公開組第一級棒球隊之先發投手為研究對象。參與者以重複量數、對抗平衡次序設計分別進行全身性振動恢復處理（WBV）、電刺激恢復處理（EMS）與對照處理（CON）等3次實驗，每次間隔7天。在每一次實驗中，投手進行投球（投5局；每局投20球），並且記錄每局平均球速。每局投球完畢後，投手立即接受其中一種恢復處理，WBV進行振動頻率：50 Hz、40 Hz與30 Hz依序各2 min；振幅：1.5 mm之處理，EMS進行刺激頻率：9 Hz、8 Hz、7 Hz依序各2 min之處理，而CON僅安靜休息6 min，在每一局恢復處理前後皆收集參與者之HR、RPE與BLa等數據。結果顯示WBV與EMS的平均球速皆顯著優於CON，且WBV之平均球速又顯著優於EMS，此外，WBV與EMS在恢復處理後的BLa皆顯著低於CON，但是RPE則僅有WBV顯著低於CON。本研究結果指出WBV與EMS之被動肌肉收縮恢復模式皆有助於投球局間疲勞指標之降低（血乳酸濃度），但WBV對於促進投球表現較有效。

1. Wu, B.-H.,Hsu, C.-H.,Wu, C.-C.,Tasi, T.-K.,Liu, Y.-C.(2018)。Effects of whole body vibration and electromuscular stimulation recovery methods on delayed onset muscle soreness following a baseball pitching。Sports & Exercise Research，20(2)，151-165。
   連結：
2. Aminian-Far, A.,Hadian, M.-R.,Olyaei, G.,Talebian, S.,Bakhtiary, A. H.(2011).Whole-body vibration and the prevention and treatment of delayed-onset muscle soreness.Journal of Athletic Training,46(1),43-49.
3. Bakhtiary, A. H.,Safavi-Farokhi, Z.,Aminian-Far, A.(2007).Influence of vibration on delayed onset of muscle soreness following eccentric exercise.British Journal of Sports Medicine,41(3),145-148.
4. Blangsted, A. K.,Sjøgaard, G.,Madeleine, P.,Olsen, H. B.,Søgaard, K.(2005).Voluntary low-force contraction elicits prolonged low-frequency fatigue and changes in surface electromyography and mechanomyography.Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology,15(2),138-148.
5. Bond, V.,Adams, R. G.,Tearney, R. J.,Gresham, K.,Ruff, W.(1991).Effects of active and passive recovery on lactate removal and subsequent isokinetic muscle function.The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness,31(3),357-361.
6. Bowman, T. G.,Hart, J. M.,McGuire, B. A.,Palmieri, R. M.,Ingersoll, C. D.(2006).A functional fatiguing protocol and deceleration time of the shoulder from an internal rotation perturbation.Journal of Athletic Training,41(3),275-279.
7. Brock Symons, T.,Clasey, J. L.,Gater, D. R.,Yates, J. W.(2004).Effects of deep heat as a preventative mechanism on delayed onset muscle soreness.Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research,18(1),155-161.
8. Burke, D.,Schiller, H. H.(1976).Discharge pattern of single motor units in the tonic vibration reflex of human triceps surae.Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry,39(8),729-741.
9. Cochrane, D. J.,Stannard, S. R.,Sargeant, A. J.,Rittweger, J.(2008).The rate of muscle temperature increase during acute whole-body vibration exercise.European Journal of Applied Physiology,103(4),441-448.
10. Davis, W. J.,Wood, D. T.,Andrews, R. G.,Elkind, L. M.,Davis, W. B.(2008).Elimination of delayed-onset muscle soreness by pre-resistance cardioacceleration before each set.Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research,22(1),212-225.
11. Hackney, R. G.(1996).Advances in the understanding of throwing injuries of the shoulder.British Journal of Sports Medicine,30(4),282-288.
12. Hilbert, J. E.,Sforzo, G. A.,Swensen, T.(2003).The effects of massage on delayed onset muscle soreness.British Journal of Sports Medicine,37(1),72-75.
13. Issurin, V. B.,Liebermann, D. G.,Tenenbaum, G.(1994).Effect of vibratory stimulation training on maximal force and flexibility.Journal of Sports Science,12(6),561-566.
14. Jackson, S. W.,Turner, D. L.(2003).Prolonged muscle vibration reduces maximal voluntary knee extension performance in both the ipsilateral and the contralateral limb in man.European Journal of Applied Physiology,88(4-5),380-386.
15. Janssen, T. W.,Hopman, M. T.(2003).Blood flow response to electrically induced twitch and titanic lower-limb muscle contractions.Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation,84(7),982-987.
16. Kerschan-Schindl, K.,Grampp, S.,Henk, C.,Resch, H.,Preisinger, E.,Fialka-Moser, V.,Imhof, H.(2001).Whole-body vibration exercise leads to alterations in muscle blood volume.Clinical Physiology,21(3),377-382.
17. Kvorning, T.,Bagger, M.,Caserotti, P.,Madsen, K.(2006).Effects of vibration and resistance training on neuromuscular and hormonal measures.European Journal of Applied Physiology,96(5),615-625.
18. Laufer, Y.,Ries, J. D.,Leininger, P. M.,Alon, G.(2001).Quadriceps femoris muscle torques and fatigue generated by neuromuscular electrical stimulation with three different waveforms.Physical Therapy,81(7),1307-1316.
19. Lohman, E. B.,Petrofsky, J. S.,Maloney-Hinds, C.,Betts-Schwab, H.,Thorpe, D.(2007).The effect of whole body vibration on lower extremity skin blood flow in normal subjects.Medical Science Monitor,13(2),CR71-CR76.
20. Luo, J.,McNamara, B.,Moran, K.(2005).The use of vibration training to enhance muscle strength and power.Sports Medicine,35(1),23-41.
21. Murray, T. A.,Cook, T. D.,Werner, S. L.,Schlegel, T. F.,Hawkins, R. J.(2001).The effects of extended play on professional baseball pitchers.The American Journal of Sports Medicine,29(2),137-142.
22. Pedersen, J.,Lönn, J.,Hellström, F.,Djupsjöbacka, M.,Johansson, H.(1999).Localized muscle fatigue decreases the acuity of the movement sense in the human shoulder.Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise,31(7),1047-1052.
23. Rhea, M. R.,Bunker, D.,Marín, P. J.,Lunt, K.(2009).Effect of iTonic whole-body vibration on delayed-onset muscle soreness among untrained individuals.Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research,23(6),1677-1682.
24. Rittweger, J.(2010).Vibration as an exercise modality: How it may work, and what its potential might be.European Journal of Applied Physiology,108(5),877-904.
25. Robergs, R. A.,Ghiasvand, F.,Parker, D.(2004).Biochemistry of exercise-induced metabolic acidosis.American Journal of Physiology: Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology,287(3),R502-R516.
26. Sands, W. A.,McNeal, J. R.,Stone, M. H.,Kimmel, W. L.,Haff, G. G.,Jemni, M.(2008).The effect of vibration on active and passive range of motion in elite female synchronized swimmers.European Journal of Sport Science,8(4),217-223.
27. Shanley, E.,Thigpen, C. A.,Clark, J. C.,Wyland, D. J.,Hawkins, R. J.,Noonan, T. J.,Kissenberth, M. J.(2012).Changes in passive range of motion and development of glenohumeral internal rotation deficit (GIRD) in the professional pitching shoulder between spring training in two consecutive years.Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery,21(11),1605-1612.
28. Tessitore, A.,Meeusen, R.,Pagano, R.,Benvenuti, C.,Tiberi, M.,Capranica, L.(2008).Effectiveness of active versus passive recovery strategies after futsal games.Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research,22(5),1402-1412.
29. Thompson, C.,Bélanger, M.(2002).Effects of vibration in inline skating on the Hoffmann reflex, force, and proprioception.Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise,34(12),2037-2044.
30. Torvinen, S.,Sievänen, H.,Järvinen, T. A. H.,Pasanen, M.,Kontulainen, S.,Kannus, P.(2002).Effect of 4-min vertical whole body vibration on muscle performance and body balance: A randomized cross-over study.International Journal of Sports Medicine,23(5),374-379.
31. Tufano, J. J.,Brown, L. E.,Coburn, J. W.,Tsang, K. K. W.,Cazas, V. L.,LaPorta, J. W.(2012).Effect of aerobic recovery intensity on delayed-onset muscle soreness and strength.Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research,26(10),2777-2782.
32. Vanderthommen, M.,Soltani, K.,Maquet, D.,Crielaard, J. M.,Croisier, J. L.(2007).Does neuromuscular electrical stimulation influence muscle recovery after maximal isokinetic exercise?.Isokinetics and Exercise Science,15(2),143-149.
33. Warren, C. D.,Brown, L. E.,Landers, M. R.,Stahura, K. A.(2011).Effect of three different between-inning recovery methods on baseball pitching performance.Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research,25(3),683-688.
34. Warren, C. D.,Szymanski, D. J.,Landers, M. R.(2015).Effects of three recovery protocols on range of motion, heart rate, rating of perceived exertion, and blood lactate in baseball pitchers during a simulated game.Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research,29(11),3016-3025.
35. White, J. P.,Wilson, J. M.,Austin, K. G.,Greer, B. K.,St. John, N.,Panton, L. B.(2008).Effect of carbohydrate-protein supplement timing on acute exercise-induced muscle damage.Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition,5(1),5.
36. Zainuddin, Z.,Newton, M.,Sacco, P.,Nosaka, K.(2005).Effects of massage on delayed-onset muscle soreness, swelling, and recovery of muscle function.Journal of Athletic Training,40(3),174-180.