臺灣最早的疫苗普及應用－從日治前期的天花制度到統計面談起

The Earliest Universal Smallpox Vaccine Application in Taiwan-Starting from the Institutional to the Statistical in 1896-1919

10.30097/FJMH.201205.0008

沈佳姍(Chia-San Shen)

日治臺灣 ； 天花 ； 痘苗 ； 防疫 ； 公共衛生 ； Japanese Taiwan ； smallpox ； vaccine ； preventive medicine ； public health

台灣醫學人文學刊

13卷1＆2期（2012 / 05 / 01）

116 - 139

繁體中文

牛痘接種是臺灣最早的普及性預防接種，發生在日治時期。本文運用公文書和統計資料等史料，研究1896-1919年天花疫苗制度在臺灣如何執行，和其與統計數值變化間可能的關聯。結果發現，一、痘苗接種的制度在1900年前因為因地制宜和符合民情而多有更迭，但隨時人認為之地方行政機關漸備、本島人衛生觀念漸進步和國家公共衛生的需求，1903-1906年間已建立日後臺灣種痘制度的最基礎架構。二、制度漸穩定的1900年後，臺灣的初種人口佔總人口比例，以及再種以上人數對應初種人數的比例，也同步呈現比值變化趨緩的趨勢，且與天花疫情的盛衰呼應。尤其1906年全幼童接種開始後，上述現象更明顯。三、在臺灣總督府對全臺統治力尚不穩固的1900年前，臺灣多數地區的初種佔比多寡與該地區的疫情較無直接關聯。其原因另可考量駐臺日軍、住民種別、政府控制力等等人事差異。四、1906年後，天花接種在臺灣各地的實施是愈來愈穩定；此外，在1920年前，臺灣社會已經具有的整體天花免疫力，實已不容小覷。

Smallpox vaccine was the earliest universal vaccination in Taiwan, and it occurred during the Japanese ruling era. This study used the official documents and statistics to research how its institutions implemented in Taiwan in 1896-1919, and how it associated with the statistical numbers. It was found that, first, the smallpox vaccine institution was frequently changed before 1900, then created its stable bottom in 1903-1906. Second, while the system was gradually stable after 1900, the ratio of the first injection and the second injection were both also getting stable, and had more connected with the smallpox epidemic. Especially after 1906 when started the whole 1-year children's vaccination, the above phenomenon was cleanlier. Third, at the time when the Taiwan Governor was not subdued the whole Taiwan yet before 1900, the ratio of the first injection in most of Taiwan were not connected with the epidemic directly, but might connected with the personnel matters like: Japanese army who stationed in Taiwan, local residents' race, and the government's control power and so on.