How Much Do Pregnant Women Know? An Exploratory Study on the Readability of Frequently-used Nutrition Terms

懷孕婦女知多少？初次懷孕婦女之營養詞彙可讀性研究初探

10.6182/jlis.202012_18(2).139

張家翎(Chia-Ling Chang)；邱銘心(Ming-Hsin Phoebe Chiu)

Readability ； Content Analysis ； Online Nutrition Information ； Women of First Pregnancy ； 可讀性分析 ； 內容分析 ； 網路營養資訊 ； 初次懷孕婦女

圖書資訊學刊

18卷2期（2020 / 12 / 01）

139 - 165

英文;繁體中文

People easily access nutrition information just by typing the keywords into the search engine. However, past studies have shown that popular health information websites that are addressed to everyday users tend to be easy to use, while the information quality is questionable. Researchers attempt to increase the readability of nutrition education materials. This study analyzed the nutrition terminology used in government nutrition websites by n-gram cutter and nutrition dictionary. The results of the generated nutrition terminology list were presented to 58 women of first pregnancy, who has the highest demand of nutrition information. This study was designed in two stages. The first stage was content analysis of online nutrition information, which attempted to identify the nutrition terms that have been used. The second stage was the glossary comprehension test on the 58 research participants toward 104 nutrition terms used in the texts. The purpose of this study is to understand the comprehension of first pregnancy women towards nutrition terms and categorize terms by the result. Outcome of the comprehension test shown that self-cognition was highly related to real-cognition, but there are still some exceptions. According to the relations between self-reported-cognition and actual-cognition, terms can be categorized as ＂familiarized words,＂ ＂incomprehensible words,＂ ＂overrated vocabulary＂ and ＂low confidence word.＂ In the future professionals are advised to use these terms accordingly based on the different level of comprehension. This study constructs a method of analyzing terms and identifying a list of nutrition terminologies that is accurate and appropriate, which can be applied to different field of professions.

本研究目的有二，其一為探索初次懷孕婦女的營養詞彙理解，其二根據前者將詞彙難度分類，進行以讀者為導向的詞彙可讀性評估。研究分兩階段：第一階段是對網路營養資訊進行內容分析，從孕產婦關懷網站找出實際使用的營養詞彙，並根據結果設計測驗；第二階段則對58位受試者進行測驗，分數高低代表對104個營養詞彙的熟悉程度、概念理解程度。結果顯示，初孕婦女對詞彙的熟悉程度趨近中間值（3.52 ± 0.68），概念理解程度則屬精熟程度（86%），但是兩者並不完全相關。根據兩者差異可以將詞彙分為四類。本研究建議，未來專業人士在選用營養詞彙時，應根據不同的詞彙特性而有不同的應對方式；且不應採用單一詞庫進行專業名詞判斷，應加入更多詞庫，確保詞庫的完整。

1. Chang, M.-C.,Chen, Y.-C.,Gau, B.-S.,Tzeng, Y.-F.(2014).Translation and validation of an instrument for measuring the suitability of health educational materials in Taiwan: Suitability assessment of materials.The Journal of Nursing Research,22(1),61-68.
   連結：
2. 宋曜廷, Yao-Ting,陳茹玲, Ju-Ling,李宜憲, Yi-Shian,查日龢, Jih-Ho,曾厚強, Hou-Chiang,林維駿, Wei-Chun,張國恩, Kuo-En(2013)。中文文本可讀性探討：指標選取、模型建立與效度驗證。中華心理學刊，55(1)，75-106。
   連結：
3. 李守義, Shoou-Yih D.,蔡慈儀, Tzu-I,蔡憶文, Yi-Wen,郭耿南, Ken N(2012)。「中文健康識能評估量表」簡式量表的發展與效度檢測。臺灣公共衛生雜誌，31(2)，184-194。
   連結：
4. 張美娟, MeiChuan,鄭雅君, Ya-Chun,呂基燕, Ji-Yan,章淑娟, Shu-Chuan(2015)。小兒科書面衛教教材適用性評估。志為護理：慈濟護理人文與科學，14(4)，58-68。
   連結：
5. 許婉甄, Wan-Chen,陳素鳳, Su-Feng,何青蓉, Ching-Jung(2011)。大學生網路健康資訊使用經驗之初探－健康素養的觀點。健康促進與衛生教育學報，3(35)，1-22。
   連結：
6. 陳婉琪, Wan-Chi(2013)。高中生選組行為的原因與結果：性別、信念、教師角色與能力發展。臺灣社會學，25，89-123。
   連結：
7. 曾厚強, Hou-Chiang,陳柏琳, Berlin,宋曜廷, Yao-Ting(2017)。探究使用基於類神經網路之特徵於文本可讀性分類。中文計算語言學期刊，22(2)，31-45。
   連結：
8. 魏米秀, Mi-Hsiu,洪文綺, Wen-Chi(2010)。都市與偏遠社區成人的健康資訊尋求經驗：焦點團體訪談結果。健康促進與衛生教育學報，3(34)，93-114。
   連結：
9. Babar, N. F.,Muzaffar, R.,Khan, M. A.,Imdad, S.(2010).Impact of socioeconomic factors on nutritional status in primary school children.Journal of Ayub Medical College Abbottabad,22(4),15-18.
10. Borst, A.,Gaudinat, A.,Grabar, N.,Boyer, C.(2008).Lexically-based distinction of readability levels of health documents.Acta Informatica Medica,16(2),72-75.
11. Caleon, I.,Subramaniam, R.(2010).Development and application of a three-tier diagnostic test to assess secondary students’ understanding of waves.International Journal of Science Education,32(7),939-961.
12. Carbone, E. T.,Zoellner, J. M.(2012).Nutrition and health literacy: A systematic review to inform nutrition research and practice.Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics,112(2),254-265.
13. Chou, C.,Chan, P.-S.,Wu, H.-C.(2007).Using a two-tier test to assess students’ understanding and alternative conceptions of cyber copyright laws.British Journal of Educational Technology,38(6),1072-1084.
14. Colaco, M.,Svider, P. F.,Agarwal, N.,Eloy, J. A.,Jackson, I. M.(2013).Readability assessment of online urology patient education materials.Journal of Urology,189(3),1048-1052.
15. Croft, W. B.,Metzler, D.,Strohman, T.(2010).Crawls and feeds. In Search engines: Information retrieval in practice.Boston, MA:Addison-Wesley.
16. Dale, E., & Chall, J. S. (1948). A formula for predicting readability: Instructions. Educational Research Bulletin, 27(2), 37-54.
17. Girard, A. W.,Olude, O.(2012).Nutrition education and counselling provided during pregnancy: Effects on maternal, neonatal and child health outcomes.Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology,26,191-204.
18. Kher, A.,Johnson, S.,Griffith, R.(2017).Readability assessment of online patient education material on congestive heart failure.Advances in Preventive Medicine,2017,1-8.
19. Kicklighter, J. R.,Stein, M. A.(1993).Factors influencing diabetic clients’ ability to read and comprehend printed diabetic diet material.The Diabetes Educator,19(1),40-46.
20. Kutner, M., Greenberg, E., & Baer, J. (2006). A first look at the literacy of America’s adults in the 21st century (NCES report No. 2006-470). Washington, DC: National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education, Institute of Education Sciences. Retrieved from https://nces.ed.gov/NAAL/PDF/2006470.PDF
21. Lucas, C.,Charlton, K. E.,Yeatman, H.(2014).Nutrition advice during pregnancy: Do women receive it and can health professionals provide it?.Maternal and Child Health Journal,18(10),2465-2478.
22. Merritt, S. L.,Gates, M. A.,Skiba, K.(1993).Readability levels of selected hypercholesterolemia patient education literature.Heart & Lung: The Journal of Critical Care,22(5),415-420.
23. Nutbeam, D.(2008).The evolving concept of health literacy.Social Science & Medicine,6 7(12),2072-2078.
24. Pearson, P. D.(Ed.)(1984).Handbook of reading research.New York, NY:Longman.
25. Romano, A. M.(2007).A changing landscape: Implications of pregnant women’s internet use for childbirth educators.The Journal of Perinatal Education,16(4),18-24.
26. Sandiford, P.,Cassel, J.,Montenegro, M.,Sanchez, G.(1995).The impact of women’s literacy on child health and its interaction with access to health services.Population Studies,49(1),5-17.
27. Shieh, C.,McDaniel, A.,Ke, I.(2009).Information-seeking and its predictors in low-income pregnant women.Journal of Midwifery & Women’s Health,54(5),364-372.
28. Silk, K. J.,Sherry, J.,Winn, B.,Keesecker, N.,Horodynski, M. A.,Sayir, A.(2008).Increasing nutrition literacy: Testing the effectiveness of print, web site, and game modalities.Journal of Nutrition Education & Behavior,40(1),3-10.
29. Singh, D.,Newburn, M.,Smith, N.,Wiggins, M.(2002).The information needs of first-time pregnant mothers.British Journal of Midwifery,10(1),54-58.
30. Sutherland, L. A.,Wildemuth, B.,Campbell, M. K.,Haines, P. S.(2005).Unraveling the web: An evaluation of the content quality, usability, and readability of nutrition web sites.Journal of Nutrition Education & Behavior,37(6),300-305.
31. Szwajcer, E. M.,Hiddink, G. J.,Koelen, M. A.,van Woerkum, C. M.(2005).Nutrition-related information-seeking behaviours before and throughout the course of pregnancy: Consequences for nutrition communication.European Journal of Clinical Nutrition,59(S1),S57-S65.
32. Szwajcer, E. M.,Hiddink, G. J.,Koelen, M. A.,van Woerkum, C. M.(2007).Nutrition awareness and pregnancy: Implications for the life course perspective.European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology,135(1),58-64.
33. Timdream.（2011）。使用 Open Web 技術實作 HTML5 中文文字雲。 檢自http://www.openfoundry.org/tw/foss-forum/8339--open-web-html5-【Timdream. (2011). [Shi yong Open Web ji shu shi zuo HTML5 Zhong wen wen zi yun]. Retrieved from http://www.openfoundry.org/tw/foss-forum/8339--open-web-html5- (in Chinese)】
34. Tsui, A. O.(Ed.),Wasserheit, J. N.(Ed.),Haaga, J. G.(Ed.)(1997).Reproductive health in developing countries: Expanding dimensions, building solutions.Washington, DC:The National Academies Press.
35. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Administration for Children and Families. (2020, March 11). Services to pregnant women and expectant families in early head start. Retrieved from https://eclkc.ohs.acf.hhs.gov/publication/services-pregnant-women-expectantfamilies-early-head-start
36. Van Dillen, S. M.,Hiddink, G. J.,Koelen, M. A.,de Graaf, C.,van Woerkum, C. M.(2003).Understanding nutrition communication between health professionals and consumers: Development of a model for nutrition awareness based on qualitative consumer research.The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition,77(4),1065S-1072S.
37. Yan, X.,Song, D.,Li, X.(2006).Concept-based document readability in domain specific information retrieval.Proceedings of the 15th ACM International Conference on Information and Knowledge Management,New York, NY:
38. 內政部戶政司（2020）嬰兒出生數按生母年齡及生育胎次分。檢自https://www.ris.gov.tw/app/portal/346【Ministry of the Interior, Department of Household Registration Affairs. (2020). [Ying er chu sheng shu an sheng mu nian ling ji sheng yu tai ci fen.] Retrieved from https://www.ris.gov.tw/app/portal/346 (in Chinese)】
39. 內政部統計處（2018）。15歲以上教育程度─按區域別、性別分。檢自https://statis.moi.gov.tw/micst/stmain.jsp?sys=220&ym=10700&ymt=10700&kind=21&type=1&funid=c0110401&cycle=4&outmode=605&compmode=0&outkind=1&fldspc=2,10,&cod00=1&cod1【Ministry of the Interior, Department of Statisitics. (2018). [15 sui yi shang jiao yu cheng du: An qu yu bie, xing bie fen]. Retrieved from https://statis.moi.gov.tw/micst/stmain.jsp?sys=220&ym=10700&ymt=10700&kind=21&type=1&funid=c0110401&cycle=4&outmode=605&compmode=0&outkind=1&fldspc=2,10,&cod00=1&cod1 (in Chinese)】
40. 吳志康, Chih-Kang,陳品錄, Pin-Lu(2012)。臺灣消費者對購買美國牛肉之營養認知、安全觀感、口感風味與購買意願相關研究。商業現代化學刊，6(4)，129-145。
41. 吳麗珍, Wu Lee-Jen,黃惠滿, Hui-Man,李浩銑, Hao-Hsien(2014)。方便取樣和立意取樣之比較。護理雜誌，61(3)，105-111。
42. 李秀珍, Hsiu-Chen(2010)。臺北市=Taipei，國立臺灣師範大學圖書資訊學研究所=Graduate Institute of Library and Information Studies, National Taiwan Normal University。
43. 林俊彥, Chin-Yen,王姿涵, Tzu-Han(2011)。美國與臺灣技職教育制度比較。教育資料集刊，51，51-68。
44. 林靜雯, Jing-Wen,吳育倫, Yu-Lun,林燕青, Yen-Ching(2011)。動態表徵融入二階層試題對診斷學生簡單及串聯電路概念之答題影響。科學教育研究與發展季刊，61，25-50。
45. 荊溪昱, Chi-Yu,趙世範, Shih-Fann,翁凌志, Ling-Chih(2007)。中文文章適讀性線上分析系統之發展研究。科技教育課程改革與發展學術研討會論文集，高雄市=Kaohsiung:
46. 張永達, Yung-Ta(2004)。新版高中生物課程暫行綱要的理念與特色。科學教育月刊，269，47-50。
47. 許麗齡, Li-Ling(2004)。健康醫療網站評鑑指標之建立。護理雜誌，51(3)，47-52。
48. 陳世文, Shih-Wen,楊文金, Wen-Gin(2006)。以系統功能語言學探討學生對不同科學文本的閱讀理解。師大學報：科學教育類，51(1/2)，107- 124。
49. 陳光華, Kuang-Hua,莊雅蓁, Ya-Chen(2001)。資訊檢索之中文詞彙擴展。資訊傳播與圖書館學，8(1)，59-75。
50. 陳彥彤, Yen-Tung,黃美惠, Mei-Hui,張鴻耀, Hung-Yao,李美雲, Mei-Yun(2012)。照護一位初次懷孕婦女住院安胎之護理經驗。安泰醫護雜誌，18(1)，11-22。
51. 陳郁盛, Yu-Cheng,黃箴理, Jhen-Li,白敦文, Tun-Wen,王兆弘, Chao-Hung,劉敏慧, Min-Hui(2018)。以病人為主之心臟醫療照護文件可讀性分析。NCS 2017全國計算機會議論文集，花蓮市=Hualien:
52. 湯澡薰, Chao-Hsiun,韓柏檉, Bor-Chen,張文英, Wen-Yin,許明照, Ming-Thau,陳俊榮, Jiun-Rong,沈志陽, Chen-Yang,許瓊文, Qiong-Wen(2007)。臺北醫學大學計畫報告臺北醫學大學計畫報告,臺北市=Taipei:臺北醫學大學=Taipei Medical University。
53. 萬美麗, Mai-Li(2010)。臺北市=Taipei，國立臺北護理學院護理助產研究所=Graduate Institute of Nurse-Midwifery, National Taipei University of Nursing and Health Sciences。
54. 葉曉文, Sheau-Wen(2001)。臺北市=Taipei，國立陽明大學社區護理研究所=Institute of Community Health Nursing, National Yang-Ming University。
55. 趙強（2014，3月27日）。營養師，請問這個網路上的某某說法正確嗎？康健雜誌。檢自http://www.commonhealth.com.tw/blog/blogTopic.action?nid=583 【Chao, Chiang (2014, March 27). [Ying yang shi, qing wen zhe ge wang lu shang de mou mou shuo fa zheng que ma?] Commonhealth. Retrieved from http://www.commonhealth.com.tw/blog/blogTopic.action?nid=583 (in Chinese)】
56. 蔡慈儀, Tzu-I,蔡憶文, Yi-Wen,郭耿南, Ken N(2010)。醫療照顧體系中的健康溝通。臺灣醫學，14(6)，607-615。
57. 衛生福利部食品藥物管理署（2016）。公告食品添加物通用名稱，讓你一目了然。檢自https://www.mohw.gov.tw/cp-2625-19353-1.html【Health Promotion Administration, Taiwan Food and Drug Administration. (2015). [Gong gao shi pin tian jia wu tong yong ming cheng, rang ni yi mu le ran]. Retrieved from https://www.mohw.gov.tw/cp-2625-19353-1.html (in Chinese)】
58. 衛生福利部國民健康署（2019）。孕產婦關懷中心：新世紀孕產婦全人照護與個人化的雲端關懷網站 。 檢自 https://mammy.hpa.gov.tw/Home/NewsKBContent?id=34&type=00（原文2013年發表）【Health Promotion Administration, Ministry of Health and Welfare. (2019). [Yun Chan Fu Guan Huai Zhong Xin: Xin shi ji yun chan fu quan ren zhao hu yu ge ren hua de yun duan guan huai wang zhan]. Retrieved from https://mammy.hpa.gov.tw/Home/NewsKBContent?id=34&type=00 (Original work published 2013; in Chinese)】
59. 謝明哲, M.-C.,楊素卿, S.-C.,邱琬淳, W.-C.,簡怡雯, Y.-W.,陳俊榮, J.-R.,葉松鈴, S.-L.,劉珍芳, J.-F.(2002).營養學字辭精要.臺北=Taipei:匯華=Hui Hua.
60. 謝進昌, Jin-Chang(2006)。精熟標準設定方法的歷史演進與詮釋的新概念。國民教育研究學報，16，157-193。
61. 蘇哲能, Che-Long,張淑鳳, Shu-Fung,陳榮基, Rong-Chi,潘豐泉, Feng-Chuan,陳清軒, Ching-Hsuen,劉偉文, Wei-Wen(2008)。臺灣健康知能量表之初探性研究。臺灣醫學，12(5)，525-536。